Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Last Modified: June 5, 2024

Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories
Last Modified: June 5, 2024

Blue text indicates an update from the 2023 version of this document.
Light Blue text indicates an update from the original release of the 2024 version of this document.

Light Blue text indicates an update from the original release of the 2024 version of this document.
Typically, greenhouse gas emissions are reported in units of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2e). Gases are converted to CO2e by multiplying by their global warming potential (GW P). In most cases, the emission factors listed in this document generally have not been converted to CO 2e. To
do so, multiply the emissions by the corresponding GWP listed in the table below.

| Gas | 100-Year GWP |
| --- | --- |
| CH4}$ | 28 |
| N2O | 265 |

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment
Report (AR5), 2013. See the source note to Table 11 for further explanation.

Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment
Report (AR5), 2013. See the source note to Table 11 for further explanation.

Notes:
These GWP values represent a change from the previous version of this document. In alignment with the U.S. Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2021 Inventory Report, the recommended GWP values have been updated to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Fifth Assessment Report
(AR5) values.

Table 1 Stationary Combustion

| Fuel Type | Heat Content (iHV) | CO2 Factor | CH4 Factor | N2O Factor | CO2 Factor | CH4 Factor | N2O Factor |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | mmBtu per short ton | kg CO2 per mmBtu | g CH4 per mmBtu | g N2O per mmBtu | kg CO2 per short ton | g CH4 per short ton | g N2O per short ton |
| Coal and Coke |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Anthracite | 25.09 | 103.69 | 11 | 1.6 | 2,602 | 276 | 40 |
| Ballumine | 24.93 | 83.28 | 11 | 1.6 | 2,325 | 274 | 40 |
| Bituminous | 17.25 | 97.17 | 11 | 1.6 | 1,876 | 190 | 28 |
| Lignite | 14.21 | 97.72 | 11 | 1.6 | 1,389 | 156 | 23 |
| Mixed (Commercial Sector) | 14.23 | 94.17 | 11 | 1.6 | 2,016 | 235 | 34 |
| Mixed (Electric Power Sector) | 19.73 | 65.62 | 11 | 1.6 | 1,488 | 217 | 32 |
| Mixed (Industrial Coking) | 26.28 | 93.90 | 11 | 1.6 | 1,268 | 289 | 42 |
| Mixed (Industrial Sector) | 26.21 | 94.67 | 11 | 1.6 | 2,116 | 273 | 36 |
| Cool Coke | 24.80 | 119.07 | 11 | 1.6 | 2,191 | 246 | 40 |
| Other Fuels - Solid |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Municipal Solid Waste | 1.95 | 90.70 | 32 | 4.2 | 902 | 318 | 42 |
| Petroleum Coke (Sale) | 30.00 | 102.41 | 32 | 4.2 | 3,072 | 960 | 126 |
| Plastics | 38.00 | 75.00 | 32 | 4.2 | 2,850 | 1,216 | 160 |
| Tires | 28.00 | 85.97 | 32 | 4.2 | 2,407 | 896 | 118 |
| Biomass Fuels - Solid |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Agricultural Byproducts | 8.25 | 118.17 | 32 | 4.2 | 975 | 264 | 35 |
| Fuel | 10.10 | 115.14 | 32 | 4.2 | 855 | 296 | 34 |
| Solid Byproducts | 10.39 | 105.51 | 32 | 4.2 | 1,096 | 332 | 44 |
| Wood and Wood Residuals | 17.48 | 93.80 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 1,640 | 126 | 63 |
|  | mmBtu per sf | kg CO2 per mmBtu | g CH4 per mmBtu | g N2O per mmBtu | kg CO2 per sf | g CH4 per sf | g N2O per sf |
| Natural Gas |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Natural Gas | 0.001260 | 53.06 | 1.0 | 0.10 | 0.05444 | 0.00103 | 0.00100 |
| Other Fuels - Gaseous |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| Blast Burner Gas | 0.000926 | 274.32 | 0.022 | 0.10 | 0.02524 | 0.000002 | 0.000008 |
| Coke Dump Gas | 0.000599 | 46.85 | 0.48 | 0.10 | 0.02806 | 0.000288 | 0.000060 |

Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 and Table C-2 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016), Table AA-1 (78 FR 71965, Nov. 29, 2013).

Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 and Table C-2 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016), Table AA-1 (78 FR 71965, Nov. 29, 2013).

[https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98)
Notes:

Notes:
Emission factors are per unit of heat content using higher heating values (HHV). If heat content is available from the fuel supplier, it is preferable to use that value. If not, default heat contents are provided.
All CO2 emission factors assume that 100 percent of the carbon content of the fuel is oxidized to CO2, as is recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
The CH4 and N2O emission factors provided represent emissions in terms of fuel type and by end-use sector (i.e., residential, commercial, industrial, electricity generation).
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only and do not represent upstream emissions.

* * *

Table 2 Mobile Combustion CO2

| Fuel Type | kg CO2per unit | Unit |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Aviation Gasoline | 8.31 | gallon |
| Biodiesel(100%) | 9.45 | gallon |
| Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) | 0.05444 | scf |
| Diesel Fuel | 10.21 | gallon |
| Ethanol(100%) | 5.75 | gallon |
| Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel | 9.75 | gallon |
| Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) | 4.50 | gallon |
| Liquefied Petroleum Gases(LPG) | 5.68 | gallon |
| Motor Gasoline | 8.78 | gallon |
| Residual Fuel Oil | 11.27 | gallon |

Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016)

Source:
Federal Register EPA; 40 CFR Part 98; e-CFR, (see link below). Table C-1 (78 FR 71950, Nov. 29, 2013, as amended at 81 FR 89252, Dec. 9, 2016)
[https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98)

[https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-98)
Notes:

Notes:
LNG: The factor was developed based on the CO2 factor (kg CO2 per mmBtu) for Natural Gas from Table 1 and the higher heating value (HHV) LNG fuel density factor (btu/gallon) from the GREET1 2023 Model, Argonne National Laboratory published December 21, 2023
(Fuel\_Specs worksheet).

More information on GREET can be found here: [https://greet.anl.gov/greet\_excel\_model.models](https://greet.anl.gov/greet_excel_model.models)
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

More information on GREET can be found here: [https://greet.anl.gov/greet\_excel\_model.models](https://greet.anl.gov/greet_excel_model.models)
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Table 3 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for On-Road Gasoline Vehicles

| Vehicle Type | Model Year | CH4 Factor (g CH4/ vehicle-mil) | N2O Factor (g N2O)/ vehicle-mil |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Gasoline Passenger Cars | 1973-1974 | 0.1896 | 0.0187 |
| 1975 | 0.1423 | 0.0443 |  |
| 1976-1977 | 0.1406 | 0.0458 |  |
| 1978-1979 | 0.1369 | 0.0473 |  |
| 1980 | 0.1328 | 0.0489 |  |
| 1981 | 0.1286 | 0.0626 |  |
| 1982 | 0.0795 | 0.0627 |  |
| 1983 | 0.0782 | 0.0630 |  |
| 1984-1993 | 0.0704 | 0.0647 |  |
| 1994 | 0.0617 | 0.0603 |  |
| 1995 | 0.0531 | 0.0560 |  |
| 1996 | 0.0434 | 0.0501 |  |
| 1997 | 0.0337 | 0.0448 |  |
| 1998 | 0.0240 | 0.0389 |  |
| 1999 | 0.0215 | 0.0355 |  |
| 2000 | 0.0175 | 0.0301 |  |
| 2001 | 0.0155 | 0.0212 |  |
| 2002 | 0.0102 | 0.0207 |  |
| 2003 | 0.0095 | 0.0181 |  |
| 2004 | 0.0078 | 0.0080 |  |
| 2005 | 0.0075 | 0.0067 |  |
| 2006 | 0.0076 | 0.0075 |  |
| 2007 | 0.0072 | 0.0052 |  |
| 2008 | 0.0072 | 0.0040 |  |
| 2009 | 0.0071 | 0.0046 |  |
| 2010 | 0.0071 | 0.0046 |  |
| 2011 | 0.0071 | 0.0046 |  |
| 2012 | 0.0071 | 0.0040 |  |
| 2013 | 0.0071 | 0.0046 |  |
| 2014 | 0.0071 | 0.0046 |  |
| 2015 | 0.0068 | 0.0042 |  |
| 2016 | 0.0063 | 0.0030 |  |
| 2017 | 0.0054 | 0.0018 |  |
| 2018 | 0.0052 | 0.0016 |  |
| 2019 | 0.0051 | 0.0015 |  |
| 2020 | 0.0050 | 0.0014 |  |
| 2021 | 0.0051 | 0.0014 |  |
| Gasline Light-Duty Trucks (Vans, Pickup Trucks, SUVs) | 1973-1974 | 0.1908 | 0.0218 |
| 1975 | 0.1634 | 0.0513 |  |
| 1976 | 0.1594 | 0.0555 |  |
| 1977-1978 | 0.1144 | 0.0534 |  |
| 1979-1980 | 0.1594 | 0.0555 |  |
| 1981 | 0.1479 | 0.0600 |  |
| 1982 | 0.1442 | 0.0601 |  |
| 1983 | 0.1368 | 0.0722 |  |
| 1984 | 0.1294 | 0.0764 |  |
| 1985 | 0.1220 | 0.0806 |  |
| 1986 | 0.1144 | 0.0808 |  |
| 1987-1993 | 0.0813 | 0.1035 |  |
| 1994 | 0.0646 | 0.0982 |  |
| 1995 | 0.0517 | 0.0908 |  |
| 1996 | 0.0452 | 0.0871 |  |
| 1997 | 0.0452 | 0.0871 |  |

2006-2020 0.0070 0.0083
Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-81 through A-85.
Notes:

Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

* * *

Table 4 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for On-Road Diesel and Alternative Fuel Vehicles

| Vehicle Type | Fuel Type | Model Year | CH4 Factor(g CH4/vehicle-mile) | N2O Factor(g N2O/vehicle-mile) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Passenger Cars | Diesel | 1960-1982 | 0.0006 | 0.0012 |
| 1983-2006 | 0.0005 | 0.0010 |  |  |
| 2007-2021 | 0.0302 | 0.0192 |  |  |
| Light-Duty Trucks | Diesel | 1960-1982 | 0.0011 | 0.0017 |
| 1983-2006 | 0.0009 | 0.0014 |  |  |
| 2007-2021 | 0.0290 | 0.0214 |  |  |
| Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles | Diesel | 1960-2006 | 0.0051 | 0.0048 |
| 2007-2021 | 0.0095 | 0.0431 |  |  |
| Light-Duty Cars | Methanol |  | 0.0130 | 0.0040 |
| Ethanol |  | 0.0130 | 0.0040 |  |
| CNG |  | 0.1330 | 0.0040 |  |
| LPG |  | 0.0130 | 0.0040 |  |
| Biodiesel |  | 0.0360 | 0.0010 |  |
| Light-Duty Trucks | Ethanol |  | 0.0140 | 0.0050 |
| CNG |  | 0.1440 | 0.0050 |  |
| LPG |  | 0.0140 | 0.0050 |  |
| LNG |  | 0.1440 | 0.0050 |  |
| Biodiesel |  | 0.1270 | 0.0010 |  |
| Medium-Duty Trucks | CNG |  | 1.8070 | 0.0340 |
| LPG |  | 0.1810 | 0.0340 |  |
| LNG |  | 1.8070 | 0.0340 |  |
| Heavy-Duty Trucks | Biodiesel |  | 0.0400 | 0.0050 |
| Methanol |  | 0.0730 | 0.0270 |  |
| Ethanol |  | 0.0730 | 0.0270 |  |
| CNG |  | 0.9210 | 0.0170 |  |
| LPG |  | 0.0920 | 0.0170 |  |
| Buses | Biodiesel |  | 0.9210 | 0.0170 |
| Methanol |  | 0.0140 | 0.0020 |  |
| Ethanol |  | 0.1930 | 0.0290 |  |
| CNG |  | 0.1930 | 0.0290 |  |
| LPG |  | 2.7530 | 0.0170 |  |
| LNG |  | 2.7550 | 0.0170 |  |
|  | Biodiesel |  | 2.7530 | 0.0170 |
|  |  | 2.7550 | 0.0170 |  |

Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-86 through A-87.
[https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks)

Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-86 through A-87.
[https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks)
Notes:

Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Table 5 Mobile Combustion CH4 and N2O for Non-Road Vehicles

| Vehicle Type | Fuel Type | CH4 Factor(g CH4/gallon) | N2O Factor(g N2O/gallon) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Ships and Boats | Residual Fuel Oil | 1.10 | 0.31 |
| Gasoline(2 stroke) | 4.64 | 0.08 |  |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 2.26 | 0.01 |  |
| Diesel | 6.41 | 0.17 |  |
| Locomotives | Diesel | 0.80 | 0.26 |
| Aircraft | Jet Fuel | 0 | 0.30 |
| Aviation Gasoline | 7.06 | 0.11 |  |
| Agricultural Equipmenta | Gasoline(2 stroke) | 6.92 | 0.47 |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 1.94 | 1.21 |  |
| Gasoline Off-Road Trucks | 1.94 | 1.20 |  |
| Diesel Equipment | 1.27 | 1.07 |  |
| Diesel Off-Road Trucks | 0.91 | 0.56 |  |
| Construction/Mining Equipmentb | LPG | 0.33 | 0.95 |
| Gasoline(2 stroke) | 7.98 | 0.12 |  |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 2.85 | 1.47 |  |
| Gasoline Off-Road Trucks | 2.85 | 1.47 |  |
| Diesel Equipment | 1.01 | 0.94 |  |
| Diesel Off-Road Trucks | 0.91 | 0.56 |  |
| LPG | 0.59 | 0.50 |  |
| Lawn and Garden Equipment | Gasoline(2 stroke) | 7.29 | 0.31 |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 3.00 | 1.49 |  |
| Diesel | 0.66 | 0.49 |  |
| LPG | 0.41 | 0.63 |  |
| Airport Equipment | Gasoline | 1.02 | 1.07 |
| Diesel | 1.89 | 1.16 |  |
| LPG | 0.35 | 0.89 |  |
| Industrial/Commercial Equipment | Gasoline(2 stroke) | 7.13 | 0.50 |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 2.74 | 1.54 |  |
| Diesel | 0.42 | 0.60 |  |
| LPG | 0.44 | 0.64 |  |
| Logging Equipment | Gasoline(2 stroke) | 9.68 | 0 |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 3.24 | 2.06 |  |
| Diesel | 0.49 | 1.27 |  |
| Railroad Equipment | Gasoline | 3.24 | 1.81 |
| Diesel | 0.40 | 0.95 |  |
| LPG | 2.00 | 0.01 |  |
| Recreational Equipment | Gasoline(2 stroke) | 9.80 | 0.11 |
| Gasoline(4 stroke) | 2.72 | 1.48 |  |
| Diesel | 0.73 | 0.66 |  |
| LPG | 0.43 | 0.61 |  |

Source: EPA (2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 (Annexes). All values are calculated from Tables A-88 and A-89.
[https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks](https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks)
Notes:

Notes:
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.
A Includes equipment, such as tractors and combines, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in agriculture.

The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.
A Includes equipment, such as tractors and combines, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in agriculture.

B Includes equipment, such as cranes, dumpers, and excavators, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in construction.

Includes equipment, such as tractors and combines, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in agriculture.

B Includes equipment, such as cranes, dumpers, and excavators, as well as fuel consumption from trucks that are used off-road in construction.

* * *

| eGRID Subregion Acronym | eGRID Subregion Name | Total Output Emission Factors |  |  | Non-Baseload Emission Factors |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CO2 Factor(lb CO2/MWh) | CH4 Factor(lb CH4/MWh) | N2O Factor(lb N2O/MWh) | CO2 Factor(lb CO2/MWh) | CH4 Factor(lb CH4/MWh) | N2O Factor(lb N2O/MWh) |  |  |
| AKGD | ASCC Alaska Grid | 1.052.1 | 0.088 | 0.012 | 1.224.5 | 0.123 | 0.017 |
| AKMS | ASCC Miscellaneous | 495.8 | 0.023 | 0.004 | 1.587.9 | 0.069 | 0.012 |
| AZNM | WEEC Southwest | 776.0 | 0.051 | 0.007 | 1.205.2 | 0.065 | 0.009 |
| CAMX | WEEC California | 497.4 | 0.030 | 0.004 | 1.055.0 | 0.049 | 0.006 |
| ERCT | ERCOT All | 771.1 | 0.049 | 0.007 | 1.194.9 | 0.067 | 0.009 |
| FRCC | FRCC All | 813.8 | 0.048 | 0.006 | 1.044.4 | 0.056 | 0.007 |
| HIMS | HICC Miscellaneous | 1.155.5 | 0.124 | 0.019 | 1.619.2 | 0.157 | 0.025 |
| HIOA | HICC Oahu | 1.575.4 | 0.163 | 0.025 | 1.810.3 | 0.177 | 0.028 |
| MROE | MRO East | 1.479.6 | 0.133 | 0.019 | 1.672.9 | 0.147 | 0.021 |
| MROW | MRO West | 936.5 | 0.102 | 0.015 | 1.794.7 | 0.183 | 0.026 |
| NEWE | NPCC New England | 536.4 | 0.063 | 0.008 | 923.3 | 0.073 | 0.010 |
| NWPP | WECC Northwest | 602.1 | 0.056 | 0.008 | 1.515.7 | 0.134 | 0.019 |
| NYCW | NPCC NYC/Westchester | 885.2 | 0.023 | 0.003 | 971.8 | 0.021 | 0.002 |
| NYLI | NPCC Long Island | 1.200.7 | 0.135 | 0.018 | 1.316.7 | 0.039 | 0.005 |
| NYUP | NPCC Upstate NY | 274.6 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 920.1 | 0.043 | 0.005 |
| PRMS | Puerto Rico Miscellaneous | 1.593.5 | 0.087 | 0.014 | 1.670.9 | 0.074 | 0.013 |
| RFCE | RFC East | 657.4 | 0.045 | 0.006 | 1.278.7 | 0.097 | 0.013 |
| RFCM | RFC Michigan | 1.216.4 | 0.116 | 0.016 | 1.597.3 | 0.149 | 0.021 |
| RFCW | RFC West | 1.000.1 | 0.087 | 0.012 | 1.843.6 | 0.178 | 0.026 |
| RMPA | WECC Rockies | 1.124.9 | 0.101 | 0.014 | 1.676.4 | 0.129 | 0.018 |
| SPNO | SPP North | 952.6 | 0.100 | 0.014 | 1.943.0 | 0.198 | 0.029 |
| SPSO | SPP South | 970.4 | 0.072 | 0.010 | 1.528.2 | 0.105 | 0.015 |

US Average US Average
Source: EPA eGRID2022, January 2024 (Summary Tables - Table 1. Subregion Output Emission Rates)
[https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022\_summary\_tables.xlsx](https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022_summary_tables.xlsx)

Source: EPA eGRID2022, January 2024 (Summary Tables - Table 1. Subregion Output Emission Rates)
[https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022\_summary\_tables.xlsx](https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022_summary_tables.xlsx)
Notes:

Notes:
Total output emission factors can be used as default factors for estimating GHG emissions from electricity use when developing a carbon footprint or emissions inventory. Annual non-baseload output emission factors should not be used when developing a carbon
footprint or emissions inventory, but can be used to estimate GHG emissions reductions on the grid from changes in electricity use.
For technical information, reference the EPA's eGRID Technical Guide

[https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022\_technical\_guide.pdf](https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/egrid2022_technical_guide.pdf)
The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

Table 7 Steam and Heat

|  | CO2 Factor (kg CO2 / mmBtu) | CH4 Factor (g CH4 / mmBtu) | N2O Factor (g N2O / mmBtu) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Steam and Heat | 66.33 | 1.250 | 0.125 |

Notes:
Emission factors are per mmBtu of steam or heat purchased. These factors assume natural gas fuel is used to generate steam or heat at 80 percent thermal efficiency.

The factors represented in the table above represent combustion emissions only (tank-to-wheel) and do not represent upstream emissions or well-to-wheel emissions.

* * *

**Blue text indicates an update from the 2023 version.** Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories Last Modified: 05 June 2024 **Light blue text indicates an update from the 2024 release**

|  |  |  | Scope 3 Emission Factors |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| information ( [http://www.ghgprotocol.org/scope-3-technical-calculation-guidance](http://www.ghgprotocol.org/scope-3-technical-calculation-guidance)) |  | Scope 3 Category 4: Upstream Transportation and Distribution and Category 9: Downstream Transportation and Distribution | These factors are intended for use in the distance-based method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance. If fuel data are available, then the fuel-based method should be used, with factors from Tables 2 through 5. | Scope 3 emission factors provided below are aligned with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Technical Guidance for Calculating Scope 3 Emissions, version 1.0 (Scope 3 Calculation Guidance). W here applicable, the specific calculation method is referenced. Refer to the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance for more |
| Vehicle Type | CO2 Factor / unit) (kg CO 2 | CH Factor 4 / unit) (g CH 4 | N2 O Factor O / unit) (g N 2 | Units |
| Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck | 1.360 | 0.012 | 0.038 | vehicle-mile |
| A Passenger Car | 0.306 | 0.009 | 0.006 | vehicle-mile |
| B Light-Duty Truck | 0.405 | 0.011 | 0.010 | vehicle-mile |
| C Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck | 0.168 | 0.0015 | 0.0047 | short ton-mile |
| Rail | 0.022 | 0.0017 | 0.0005 | short ton-mile |
| W aterborne Craft | 0.082 | 0.0326 | 0.0021 | short ton-mile |
| Aircraft | 0.905 | 0 | 0.0279 | short ton-mile |

**Table 8**

**Source:**

CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions data for road vehicles are from Table 2-13 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 data. Vehicle-miles data for on-road vehicles are from Tables A-73 - A-75 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data, Annexes. CO2e emissions data for non-road vehicles are based on Table A-107 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2021 data, which are distributed into CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions based on fuel/vehicle emission factors. Freight ton-mile data are from Table 1-50 of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics (June 2022): 2020 data. **Notes:** **Vehicle-mile factors are appropriate to use when the entire vehicle is dedicated to transporting the reporting company's product. Ton-mile factors are appropriate when the vehicle is shared with products from other companies.** **A** **Passenger cars are automobiles used primarily to transport 12 people or less for personal travel, and are less than 8,500 lbs in gross vehicle weight.** **B** **Light-duty trucks are vehicles that primarily transport passengers such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans. This category also includes vehicles used for transporting light-weight cargo which are equipped with special features such as four-wheel drive for off-road operation. The gross vehicle weight normally** **C** **ranges around 8,500 pounds or less.** **Medium- and heavy-duty trucks are vehicles with a gross vehicle weight of more than around 8,500 pounds, such as single unit trucks, combination trucks, tractor-trailers, and box trucks used for freight transportation. In addition, this category includes some vehicles that are not typically used for freight movement such** **as service and utility trucks.**

* * *

Table 9 Scope 3 Category 5: Waste Generated in Operations and Category 12: End-of-Life Treatment of Sold Products

These factors are intended for use in the waste-type-specific method or the average-data method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance for category 5 and category 12. Choose the appropriate material and disposal method from the table below. For the average-data
method, use one of the mixed material types, such as mixed MSW .

| Material | Metric Tons CO2e / Short Ton Material |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Recycleda | Landfilledb | Combustedc | Compostedd | Anaerobically Digested(Dry Digestate with Curing)h | Anaerobically Digested(Wet Digestate with Curing)h |  |
| Aluminum Cans | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
| Aluminum Ingot | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
| Steel Cans | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
| Copper Wire | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
| Ores | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA |
| HDPE | 0.21 | 0.02 | 2.80 | NA | NA | NA |
| LDPE | NA | 0.02 | 2.80 | NA | NA | NA |
| PET | 0.23 | 0.02 | 2.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| LLDPE | NA | 0.02 | 2.80 | NA | NA | NA |
| PP | 0.20 | 0.02 | 2.80 | NA | NA | NA |
| PS | NA | 0.02 | 3.02 | NA | NA | NA |
| NVC | NA | 0.02 | 1.26 | NA | NA | NA |
| PLA | NA | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.13 | NA | NA |
| Corrugated Containers | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Magazines/Third-class mail | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Office paper | 0.02 | 0.38 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Office Paper | 0.02 | 1.41 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Phonebooks | 0.04 | 0.39 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Textbooks | 0.04 | 1.41 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Dimensional Lumber | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Medium-density Fiberboard | NA | 0.07 | 0.05 | NA | NA | NA |
| Food Waste (non-meat) | NA | 0.67 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Food Waste (meat only) | NA | 0.69 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Eggs | NA | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Poultry | NA | 0.73 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Grains | NA | 2.06 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Nuts | NA | 1.48 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Fruits and Vegetables | NA | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Dairy Products | NA | 0.72 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| Vard Trimmings | NA | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.11 | NA |
| Oats | NA | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.09 | NA |
| Leaves | NA | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.12 | NA |

Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (December 2023) Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Factors used in the

Source:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (December 2023) Documentation for Greenhouse Gas Emission and Energy Factors used in the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). Factors from tables provided in the Management Practices Chapters and Background Chapters.

Notes:
These factors do not include avoided emissions impact from any of the disposal methods. This exclusion is an adjustment to the life-cycle factors in the WARM tool. Thus the waste factors presented above will not directly match the factors published in the WARM tool. All the factors presented above include

Notes:
These factors do not include avoided emissions impact from any of the disposal methods. This exclusion is an adjustment to the life-cycle factors in the WARM tool. Thus the waste factors presented above will not directly match the factors published in the WARM tool. All the factors presented above include
transportation emissions, which are optional in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing facility. More information about the differences between WARM and the Emissions Factor Hub’s Waste Emissions can be found here:

transportation emissions, which are optional in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance, with an assumed average distance traveled to the processing facility. More information about the differences between WARM and the Emissions Factor Hub’s Waste Emissions can be found here:
[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/documents/guidanceefwastefactors\_vs\_warm.pdf](https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/documents/guidanceefwastefactors_vs_warm.pdf).
AR4 GWP values are used to convert all waste emission factors into CO2e.

[https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/documents/guidanceefwastefactors\_vs\_warm.pdf](https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/documents/guidanceefwastefactors_vs_warm.pdf).
AR4 GWP values are used to convert all waste emission factors into CO2e.
Short ton = 2000 lbs.

A Recycling emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with process energy, transportation energy, process non-energy, or forest carbon storage. Recycling emissions include transport to recycling facility and sorting of recycled materials at material recovery facility.
B Landfilling emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with energy recovery or landfill carbon sequestration. Landfilling emissions include transport to landfill, equipment use at landfill, and landfill CH4 emissions from anaerobic decomposition of biogenic carbon compounds. Landfill CH4 is based on typical

Recycling emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with process energy, transportation energy, process non-energy, or forest carbon storage. Recycling emissions include transport to recycling facility and sorting of recycled materials at material recovery facility.
B Landfilling emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with energy recovery or landfill carbon sequestration. Landfilling emissions include transport to landfill, equipment use at landfill, and landfill CH4 emissions from anaerobic decomposition of biogenic carbon compounds. Landfill CH4 is based on typical
landfill gas collection practices, average landfill moisture conditions, and U.S.-average non-baseload electricity grid mix.
C Combustion emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with displaced electric utility generation or avoided GHG emissions due to the recovery and recycling of ferrous metals at the combustor. Combustion emissions include transport to waste-to-energy facility and combustion-related non-biogenic CO2

landfill gas collection practices, average landfill moisture conditions, and U.S.-average non-baseload electricity grid mix.
C Combustion emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with displaced electric utility generation or avoided GHG emissions due to the recovery and recycling of ferrous metals at the combustor. Combustion emissions include transport to waste-to-energy facility and combustion-related non-biogenic CO2
and N2O.
D Composting emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with fertilizer offset or soil carbon storage. Composting emissions include transport to compost facility, equipment use at compost facility, and CH4 and N2O emissions during composting.

E Anaerobically Digested (Dry and Wet Digestate with Curing) emissions do not include avoided emissions associated with displaced electric utility generation, soil carbon storage, or avoided fertilizer application. Anaerobically Digested (Dry and Wet Digestate with Curing) emissions include transport to the anaerobic
digester facility, equipment use at the anaerobic digester facility, biogas leakage at the digester, emissions released during the curing and land application process, and fugitive emissions during the curing and after land application.

Table 10 Scope 3 Category 6: Business Travel and Category 7: Employee Commuting
These factors are intended for use in the distance-based method defined in the Scope 3 Calculation Guidance. If fuel data are available, then the fuel-based method should be used, with factors from Tables 2 through 5.

CO , CH , and N O emissions data for highway vehicles are from Table 2-13 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data. 2 4 2
Vehicle-miles data for on-road vehicles are from Tables A-73 - A-75 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data, Annexes.

Passenger-miles data for buses are from Table VM-1 of the Federal Highway Administration Highway Statistics (January 2024): 2021 data.

Source:
CO , CH , and N O emissions data for highway vehicles are from Table 2-13 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data. 2 4 2
Vehicle-miles data for on-road vehicles are from Tables A-73 - A-75 of the EPA (April 2023) Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021 data, Annexes.

| Vehicle Type | CO2 Factor(kg CO2/unit) | CH4 Factor(g CH4/unit) | N2O Factor(g N2O/unit) | Units |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Passenger CarA | 0.306 | 0.009 | 0.006 | vehicle-mile |
| Light-Duty TruckB | 0.405 | 0.011 | 0.010 | vehicle-mile |
| Motorcycle | 0.376 | 0.091 | 0.019 | vehicle-mile |
| Intercity Rail-Northeast CorridorC | 0.058 | 0.0055 | 0.0007 | passenger-mile |
| Intercity Rail-Other RoutesC | 0.150 | 0.0117 | 0.0038 | passenger-mile |
| Intercity Rail-National AverageC | 0.113 | 0.0092 | 0.0026 | passenger-mile |
| Commuter RailD | 0.133 | 0.0105 | 0.0026 | passenger-mile |
| Transit Rail(i.e.Subway,Tram)E | 0.093 | 0.0075 | 0.0010 | passenger-mile |
| Bus | 0.071 | 0.005 | 0.0021 | passenger-mile |
| Air Travel-Short Haul(<300 miles) | 0.207 | 0.0064 | 0.0066 | passenger-mile |
| Air Travel-Medium Haul(>=300 miles,<2300 miles) | 0.129 | 0.0006 | 0.0041 | passenger-mile |
| Air Travel-Long Haul(>=2300 miles) | 0.163 | 0.0006 | 0.0052 | passenger-mile |
| Source: |  |  |  |  |

Fuel consumption data and passenger-miles data for rail are from Tables A.14 - A.16, 10-10, and 7.3 - 7.4 of the Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 40 (June 2022): 2019 data. Fuel consumption was converted to emissions by using fuel and electricity emission factors presented in the tables above.
Intercity Rail factors from communication with Amtrak, March 2020. These are based on 2019 values.
Air Travel factors from 2022 Guidelines to Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. Version 2.0 June 2022. Defra air travel emission factors held constant from 2022 release (2018 activity data) to more accurately reflect the current state of business travel as the 2023 Defra release reflects

Notes:
A Passenger cars are automobiles used primarily to transport 12 people or less for personal travel, and are less than 8,500 lbs in gross vehicle weight.

Intercity Rail factors from communication with Amtrak, March 2020. These are based on 2019 values.
Air Travel factors from 2022 Guidelines to Defra / DECC's GHG Conversion Factors for Company Reporting. Version 2.0 June 2022. Defra air travel emission factors held constant from 2022 release (2018 activity data) to more accurately reflect the current state of business travel as the 2023 Defra release reflects
significantly reduced load factors during COVID-19.

A Passenger cars are automobiles used primarily to transport 12 people or less for personal travel, and are less than 8,500 lbs in gross vehicle weight.
B Light-duty trucks are vehicles that primarily transport passengers such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans. This category also includes vehicles used for transporting light-weight cargo which are equipped with special features such as four-wheel drive for off-road operation. The gross vehicle weight normally

B Light-duty trucks are vehicles that primarily transport passengers such as sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans. This category also includes vehicles used for transporting light-weight cargo which are equipped with special features such as four-wheel drive for off-road operation. The gross vehicle weight normally
ranges around 8,500 pounds or less.
C Intercity rail: Amtrak long-distance rail between major cities. Northeast Corridor extends from Boston to Washington D.C. Other Routes are all routes outside the Northeast Corridor.

ranges around 8,500 pounds or less.
C Intercity rail: Amtrak long-distance rail between major cities. Northeast Corridor extends from Boston to Washington D.C. Other Routes are all routes outside the Northeast Corridor.
D Commuter rail: rail service between a central city and adjacent suburbs (also called regional rail or suburban rail).

D Commuter rail: rail service between a central city and adjacent suburbs (also called regional rail or suburban rail).

E Transit rail: rail typically within an urban center, such as subways, elevated railways, metropolitan railways (metro), streetcars, trolley cars, and tramways.

E Transit rail: rail typically within an urban center, such as subways, elevated railways, metropolitan railways (metro), streetcars, trolley cars, and tramways.

* * *

Table 11 Global Warming Potential (GWP)

| Industrial Designation or Common Name | Chemical Formula | 100-Year GWP |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 1 |
| Methane | CH4 | 28 |
| Nitrous oxide | N2O | 265 |
| HFC-23 | CHF3 | 12,400 |
| HFC-32 | CH2F2 | 677 |
| HFC-41 | CH3F | 116 |
| HFC-125 | CHF2CF3 | 3,170 |
| HFC-134 | CHF2CHF2 | 1,120 |
| HFC-134a | CH2FCF3 | 1,300 |
| HFC-143 | CH2FCHF2 | 328 |
| HFC-143a | CH2CF3 | 4,800 |
| HFC-152 | CH2FCHF2 | 16 |
| HFC-152a | CH2CHF2 | 138 |
| HFC-161 | CH2CH2F | 4 |
| HFC-227ea | CF3CHFCF3 | 3,350 |
| HFC-236cb | CH2F2CF3 | 1,210 |
| HFC-236ea | CHF2CHFCF3 | 1,330 |
| HFC-236fa | CF3CH2CF3 | 8,060 |
| HFC-245ca | CH2F2CF2CHF2 | 716 |
| HFC-245fa | CHF2CH2CF3 | 858 |
| HFC-365mfc | CH3CF2CH2CF3 | 804 |
| HFC-43-10mee | CF3CCHCHFCF2CF3 | 1,650 |
| Sulfur hexafluoride | SF6 | 23,500 |
| Nitrogen trifluoride | NF3 | 16,100 |
| PFC-14 | CF4 | 6,630 |
| PFC-116 | C2F6 | 11,100 |
| PFC-218 | C3F8 | 8,900 |
| PFC-318 | c-C4F8 | 9,540 |
| PFC-31-10 | C4F10 | 9,200 |
| PFC-41-12 | C5F12 | 8,550 |
| PFC-51-14 | C9F14 | 7,910 |
| PFC-91-18 | C10F18 | 7,190 |

Source:
100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.

100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.
IPCC AR5 was published in 2013 and is among the most current and comprehensive peer-reviewed assessments of climate change. AR5 provides revised GWP values of several GHGs relative to the values provided in previous assessment reports, following advances in scientific knowledge on the radiative efficiencies
and atmospheric lifetimes of these GHGs.

Table 12 Global Warming Potential (GWP) for Blended Refrigerants

| ASHRAE # | 100-year GWP | Blend Composition |
| --- | --- | --- |
| R-401A | 18 | 53% HCFC-22, 34% HCFC-124, 13% HFC-152a |
| R-401B | 15 | 61% HCFC-22, 28% HCFC-124, 11% HFC-152a |
| R-401C | 21 | 33% HCFC-22, 52% HCFC-124, 15% HFC-152a |
| R-402A | 1,902 | 38% HCFC-22, 60% HFC-125, 2% propane |
| R-402B | 1,205 | 60% HCFC-22, 38% HFC-125, 2% propane |
| R-403B | 3,471 | 56% HCFC-22, 39% PPC-218, 5% propane |
| R-404A | 3,943 | 44% HFC-125, 4% HFC-134a, 52% HFC-143a |
| R-406A | 0 | 55% HCFC-22, 41% HFC-142b, 4% isobutane |
| R-407A | 1,923 | 20% HFC-32, 40% HFC-125, 40% HFC-134a |
| R-407B | 2,547 | 10% HFC-32, 70% HFC-125, 20% HFC-134a |
| R-407C | 1,624 | 23% HFC-32, 25% HFC-125, 52% HFC-134a |
| R-407D | 1,487 | 15% HFC-32, 15% HFC-125, 70% HFC-134a |
| R-408A | 2,430 | 47% HCFC-22, 7% HFC-125, 46% HFC-143a |
| R-409A | 0 | 60% HCFC-22, 25% HFC-124, 15% HCFC-142b |
| R-410A | 1,924 | 50% HFC-32, 50% HFC-125 |
| R-410B | 2,048 | 45% HFC-32, 55% HFC-125 |
| R-411A | 15 | 87.5% HCFC-22, 11% HFC-152a, 1.5% propylene |
| R-411B | 4 | 94% HCFC-22, 3% HFC-152a, 3% propylene |
| R-414A | 0 | 51% HCFC-22, 28.5% HCFC-124, 16.5% HCFC-142b, 4% isobutane |
| R-414B | 0 | 50% HCFC-22, 39% HCFC-124, 9.5% HCFC-142b, 1.5% isobutane |
| R-417A | 2,127 | 46.6% HFC-125, 50% HFC-134a, 3.4% butane |
| R-422A | 2,847 | 85.1% HFC-125, 11.5% HFC-134a, 3.4% isobutane |
| R-422D | 2,473 | 65.1% HFC-125, 31.5% HFC-134a, 3.4% isobutane |
| R-424A | 3,104 | 50.5% HFC-125, 47% HFC-134a, 1% butane, 0.9% isobutane, 0.6% isopentane |
| R-426A | 1,371 | 5.1% HFC-125, 93% HFC-134a, 1.3% butane, 0.8% isobutane |
| R-428A | 3,411 | 77.5% HFC-125, 20% HFC-134a, 1.9% isobutane, 0.6% propane |
| R-434A | 3,076 | 63.2% HFC-125, 16% HFC-134a, 18% HFC-143a, 2.8% isobutane |
| R-507A | 3,985 | 50% HFC-125, 50% HFC-143a |
| R-508A | 11,607 | 39% HFC-23, 61% PFC-116 |
| R-508B | 11,698 | 46% HFC-23, 54% PFC-116 |

R-508B
Source:
100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.

Source:
100-year GWP values from IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), 2013. Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1, Lifetimes, Radiative Efficiencies and Metric Values.
GWP values of blended refrigerants are based only on their HFC and PFC constituents, which are based on data from [https://www.epa.gov/snap/compositions-refrigerant-blends](https://www.epa.gov/snap/compositions-refrigerant-blends).