### HS5.2.3

Innovation in Hydropower Operations and Planning to integrate Renewable Energy Sources and optimizes the Water-Energy Nexus

# Assessment of Hydropower Generation and Green Hydrogen Production Potential in Jebba Dam, Nigeria,

# West Africa

**Emmanuel Aremu1, Agnidé Emmanuel Lawin2**, David Olukanni3, Harrie-Jan Hendricks Franssen4, and Nathalie Voisin5 1,2 University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin 3 Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria 1,4 Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany 5 Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States of America

## UNIVERSITE D’ABOMEY-CALAVI (UAC) egu24-216-qr

##### April- 18

**th** **-2024 email: [aremu.e@edu.wascal.org](mailto:aremu.e@edu.wascal.org)**

#### INSTITUT NATIONAL DE L’EAU

##### Graduate Research Program on Climate Change and Water Resources (GRP-CCWR)

* * *

Transport is
the second
largest emitter.
\[Image: Image44\]

\[Image: Image60\]
Source: Adapted from Climatewatchdata.org (2024)
\[Image: Image44\]

* * *

Madness
Two Minutes
\[Image: Image44\]

Image Credit: Punch Newspaper
\[Image: Image44\]

“Nigeria is the highest user of
fossil fuel generators in the world
for power generation, with
\[Image: Image73\] \[Image: Image75\] \[Image: Image77\] \[Image: Image79\]
about 10 to 14 million generators,
the highest in the world” – \[3\]
(Vanguard 2021)
\[Image: Image44\]

As the world races towards a
net-zero emission target,

Nigeria plans to achieve
carbon neutrality by 2060
\[Image: Image44\]

Image Credit: ICCDI AFRICA
\[Image: Image44\]

The replacement of fossil
fuels with clean fuel, e.g.,
diesel or gasoline generators
with fuel cell generators, can
accelerate the
2060 Net Zero Goal.

\[Image: Image44\]

* * *

!\[The image is a flowchart illustrating the integration of green hydrogen production with hydropower generation variability. It includes nodes such as "Hydropower dam," "Energy Generation," "Water Purifier," "Oxygen Storage," "Hydrogen Storage," "Hydrogen Electrolyzer," "Fuel Cells," "Mobility," and "Rural Areas Re-electrification." The process starts from excess (waste water) raw water supply, moves through oxygen storage, hydrogen storage, hydrogen electrolyzer, fuel cells, hydrogen refueling station, mobility, rural areas re-electrification, and ends with net-zero carbon emission target.\
\
At the top left, there is a speech bubble labeled "Jebba dam Hydro-climatic & Hydropower generation Variability." Below that, there's a heading "Two Minutes Madness" and a subheading "Future Floating Photovoltaic(PV) Integration." The flowchart branches into several processes:\
\
1. Excess (Waste Water) Raw Water Supply.\
2. Water Purifier.\
3. Hydrogen Electrolyzer.\
4. Excess or Percentage of Electricity.\
5. Hydrogen Storage.\
6. Hydrogen Refueling Station.\
7. Fuel Cells.\
8. Mobility.\
9. Rural Areas Re-electrification.\
\
The bottom of the image contains a date "4/18/2024" and an author name "Emmanuel Aremu - EGU ASSEMBLY 2024."\]()

* * *

### Description of Study Area; Jebba Hydropower Dam In Niger River Basin

## q The Niger River Basin (NRB), located in West Africa, is the second

## largest river in Africa, covering an area of 2.27 million km².

# Study Area

## q Jebba Dam is located within the Niger River Basin in Nigeria.

## q The dam is an earth dam and Nigeria's third operational

## hydroelectric power plant, with a capacity of 578.4 MW and six (6)

## turbines of 96.4 MW each.

4/18/2024 Emmanuel Aremu-EGU ASSEMBLY 2024

* * *

The following research questions were formulated;

Is
hydropower
\[Image: Image140\]

hydropower
from Jebba
hydro-station
a reliable
asset?
\[Image: Image140\]

\[Image: Image140\]
4/18/2024

QUESTION
3
How much
fossil fuel
can be
displaced
and CO2
emission
reduced?
\[Image: Image142\]

* * *

To answer the research questions, the following steps were followed;

For question
1, steps 1-2
were
followed.
\[Image: Image155\]
\[Image: Image153\]

• Trend and seasonality of hydroclimatic variables and hydropower-generation.

For question
3, steps 4-5
were followed.
\[Image: Image177\]
\[Image: Image175\]

• Impact of hydro-climatic variables on hydro-energy generation.

• Quantification of fossil fuel replacement and greenhouse gas emissions prevented.

* * *

**1\. An increasing trend in annual flow and generation provides a reliable source of energy to support hydro-to-** **hydrogen production. However, seasonality might need to be considered in the storage approach.**

- The average energy generation’s inter-annual
- **The seasonality shows that there is a higher generation** variability rose from as low as 2065 MWh in in the dry season (periods of little or no rainfall) than in

## 1993 to as high as 4150 MWh in 2016,

**the wet season (rainfall periods). This disparity could** be traced to the moderate inflow in the dry season and signifying a 50.2% increase, which was majorly influenced by the reservoir inflow. the flooding that occurs during the wet season.

# Results

4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 Energy Generated (MWh) 1000 500 0 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 Time (Year) Wet Season Dry Season Annual

- **The trend analysis reveals that the inflow, turbine discharge, and** energy generation have increased significantly, which provides a

## potential reliable source of energy to support hydro to hydrogen.

4/18/2024 Emmanuel Aremu-EGU ASSEMBLY 2024

* * *

2. How much hydrogen can be expected? 5 scenarios based on how much hydropower is available for hydrogen production

▪ Scenario 100 (S1): 100% hydroelectricity for GH
production.
▪ Scenario 80 (S2): 80% hydroelectricity for GH

▪ Scenario 80 (S2): 80% hydroelectricity for GH
production.
▪ Scenario 60 (S3): 60% hydroelectricity for GH

▪ Scenario 60 (S3): 60% hydroelectricity for GH
production.
▪ Scenario 40 (S4): 40% hydroelectricity for GH

▪ Scenario 40 (S4): 40% hydroelectricity for GH
production.
▪ Scenario 20 (S5): 20% hydroelectricity d for GH

The 20 %
hydropower-tohydrogen
scenario is
assumed to be
more realistic for
the station.

The annual &
quarterly
hydroelectricity
generated from
2002 to 2022 was
translated to

Green hydrogen
production.

The amount of
fossil fuel (petrol)
that would be
replaced using the
fuel cell
generators was
estimated.

\\tt(C0\_{2}

* * *

How much hydrogen can be expected per year?

▪ Hydropower generation significantly determines
the amount of hydrogen that can be expected per
year, with a high of 59,111 tons in 2021 and a low
of 40,125 tons in 2002, the years with the highest
and lowest hydropower generation
\[Image: Image48\]

▪ Scenario 5 of 2021 (20% of hydropower) has
the potential to produce 11,822 tons of
hydrogen, which has a re-electrification potential
of 236 GWh if used to power hydrogen fuel cells.

* * *

If 20% of hydropower were in excess and available for hydrogen, it could support a gradual
decrease in CO2 emissions (as little as 0.00021%) through the replacement of fossil fuel generators.

4/18/2024

▪ In scenario 5 of 2021, using the
11,822 tons of hydrogen produced to
power fuel cells could potentially
replace 0.2237 million liters of
fossil fuel (petrol), which is 0.57% of
the 39.4 million liters daily
consumption rate reported by the
Country’s Federal Ministry of
Petroleum Resources in 2020 (The
Guardian 2023).

Kg) ▪ If 20% excess hydropower (5th scenario
in 2021) were translated to hydrogen
production to replace fossil fuel (petrol)
CO (thou
generators, it would likely prevent the
emission of ≈ 0.0001029MtCO2, which
is 0.00021% out of the reported
emission of 48MtCO2e from power
generation in 2020, thereby
contributing to the country's climate
change mitigation efforts.

Source: Adapted from \[2\] Nigeria
Energy Transition Plan (2022)

* * *

• The study concludes that hydroclimatic variability impacts the amount of hydropower
generated from the Jebba hydropower station.
\[Image: Image200\]
\[Image: Image198\]

• The impact of hydro-climatic variability on hydropower generation will affect the quantity
of green hydrogen that can be expected from the hydropower station.
\[Image: Image200\]
\[Image: Image198\]

• A small percentage (20% of hydroelectric energy) could be used for green hydrogen
production during excess electricity generation or off-peak hours when electricity demand
is much lower on the grid.
\[Image: Image210\]
\[Image: Image208\]

• The hydrogen could be stored for use in fuel cells for re-electrification and replacement of
fossil fuel generators.
\[Image: Image210\]
\[Image: Image208\]

* * *

KEY REFERENCES

\[1.\] Climate Watch, (2024):
[https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/NGA?end](https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/NGA?end)
\_year=2020&start\_year=1990

\[2.\] Nigeria Energy Transition Plan, (2022):
[https://energytransition.gov.ng/](https://energytransition.gov.ng/)

\[4.\] The Guardian (2023): Fuel subsidy and daily
consumption rate in Nigeria; [https://rb.gy/0x60w9](https://rb.gy/0x60w9)

\[3.\] Vanguard, (2021):
[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/nigeria-fuels-](https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/10/nigeria-fuels-)
14m-generators-with-16m-annually-adaju/

\[Image: Image236\]

Emmanuel Aremu
Email: [aremu.e@edu.wascal.org](mailto:aremu.e@edu.wascal.org)

Email: [aremu.e@edu.wascal.org](mailto:aremu.e@edu.wascal.org)

For further inquiries, collaboration, or
partnership, kindly contact

4/18/2024