# Emission Factors ## 2025 edition Database documentation * * * INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 32 member countries, 13 association countries and beyond. Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at [www.iea.org/t&c/](http://www.iea.org/t&c/) IEA member countries: This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. countries: Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Republic of Türkiye United Kingdom United States IEA association countries: Argentina Brazil China Egypt India Indonesia Kenya Morocco Senegal Singapore South Africa Thailand Ukraine The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 3 # Acknowledgements This edition of the IEA Emission Factors package has been compiled by Pedro Carvalho under the surveillance of Roberta Quadrelli and Nick Johnstone at the IEA Energy Data Centre. Arnau Risquez Martin, Juha Köykkä, Diego Ruiz Ponsoda and Alexandre Bizeul have also contributed to the work. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * This document contains a description of the 2025 edition of the IEA Emissions factors data package. The following table highlights its components and which parts are also available as standalone products: Emissions Factors package | Name of the dataset | Emissions Factors | | --- | --- | | Type of data | CO2，CH4，N2O emission factors for electricity（and heat-CO2only） generation，adjustment factors for trade and transmission and distribution losses，直通combustion emission factors for final consumption sectors | | Time granularity | Annual | | Coverage | Global，up to 150 countries/region currently covered | | Notes | Available as standalone product at Emissions Factors2025-Data product-IEA | | Regular frequency of update | Annually | | Monthly and Quarterly Emissions Factors | Life Cycle Upstream Emission Factors | | --- | --- | | Monthly and quarterly CO2 emission factors for electricity generation | Fuel-cycle greenhouse gas emissions per kwh of electricity, total upstream greenhouse gas emissions per kwh of electricity | | Monthly and quarterly | Annual | | Global, up to 52 countries currently covered | Global, up to 150 countries/region currently covered | | Available only in the Emissions Factors Package | Available as standalone product at Life Cycle Upstream Emissions Factors 2025 - Data product-IEA | | Quarterly | Annually | \\mathrm{C{\_{2}}} \ \\mathrm C O\_{2} * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 5 _Please note that all IEA data are subject to the following Terms and Conditions found on the IEA’s website at:_ \* [https://www.iea.org/terms.\*](https://www.iea.org/terms.*) _A list of answers to frequently asked questions on this product and its uses is available at: FAQ._ INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * **6 - EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition)** # TABLE OF CONTENTS **ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 3** **1\. WHAT’S NEW ... 7** **2\. COVERAGE ... 10** **3\. DEFINITIONS ... 11** **4\. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND COUNTRY NOTES ... 14** **5\. METHODOLOGY: GHG/KWH EMISSION FACTORS ... 45** **6\. METHODOLOGY: OTHER FACTORS ... 49** **7\. METHODOLOGY: MONTHLY AND QUARTERLY FACTORS ... 52** **8\. METHODOLOGY: ELECTRICITY GRID EMISSION FACTORS ... 56** **9\. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS ... 60** **10\. ABBREVIATIONS ... 62** INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * 1. WHAT’S NEW Unified database documentation The 2025 version of the IEA Emission Factors package database includes an unified database documentation. This document includes details of the IEA Emission Factors database, the IEA Life Cycle Upstream Emission Factors database and additional information about monthly and quarterly emission factors estimations. Total emissions per kWh of activity and national electricity generation The 2025 version of the IEA Emission Factors package database includes an estimation of a global factor which encompasses the total emissions per kWh of electricity generation only for CO2, N2O and CH4, trade adjustment accounting for the emissions impact of electricity trade between countries (for OECD countries), total upstream emissions intensity associated with the national electricity generation and relevant adjustments associated with the transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid developed from a life cycle perspective. CO2 and methane intensities The IEA estimates are regularly updated using the best available data on fossil fuel operations, country- and production-specific CO2 and methane emissions intensities, the latest scientific studies, measurement campaigns and emissions data including large emissions events detected by satellites (e.g., Global Methane Tracker (2025), the International Maritime Organization, the U.S. EPA, Kayrros). These estimates are influenced by several factors, including measurement studies, ageing of facilities, shifts in flaring intensities, types of operators and satellitedetected large emissions, as well as evolutions to governance indicators, policies and regulations. The IEA conducted a comprehensive assessment of the emissions intensities along LNG supply chains in 2025 (Assessing options from LNG supply and abatement options), which led to changes for emissions from a number of segments of the supply chain. The revised total intensity factors covering natural gas production, gathering and boosting, liquefaction, shipping and regasification have been integrated in this edition. These intensity factors are used as inputs for natural gas fuel-cycle emissions intensities. Therefore, revisions to the \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} These intensity factors are used as inputs for natural gas fuel-cycle emissions intensities. Therefore, revisions to the underlying input data are expected to be reflected into the total fuel-cycle emissions intensities from the life cycle perspective. The CO2 and methane emissions intensities have been revised for the time series for the following set of countries: \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} The IEA works closely with UNEP’s International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) and other partners to ensure our estimates reflect the latest findings from measurement-based, peer-reviewed studies. In addition to the Global Methane Budget, a number of academic publications released in 2024 used innovative techniques to estimate sectoral emissions for top-emitting regions and countries. These studies demonstrate efforts to compare and reconcile measurement-based and inventory-based methodologies. Life cycle upstream emission factors as a standalone database The life cycle emission factors which underwent a successful pilot, is available as an independent database, called the IEA Life Cycle Upstream Emission Factors. The new complementary database is published in an excel format and includes three main sheets with a set of life cycle emission factors corresponding to electricity generation. Data is available from year 2015 up to the latest available year for up to 150 countries. For additional information, please refer to the corresponding documentation. Frequently asked questions Frequently asked questions on different topics covering product description, data content, geographical coverage, purchase and licensing for the IEA Emissions Factors database are now available at the following link: FAQ. For questions not covered in the FAQs, please contact us at [emissionfactors@iea.org](mailto:emissionfactors@iea.org) Geographical coverage In February 2025, Latvia became the 32nd member of the IEA. Accordingly, it is included in the IEA member countries aggregate (IEA Total) for data starting in 1990. In September 2023 the African Union became a full member of G20. Accordingly, starting in the 2024 edition, it is included in the G20 aggregate for data starting in 1971. For further details, please refer to the section on Geographical coverage. Geographical coverage for the provisional year In the 2025 edition, provisional 2024 data for selected non-OECD countries are added to those for OECD countries. Below is the list of the datapoints added, by country and type of indicator. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY | Flow | Countries | | --- | --- | | Emissions per kWh of electricity only(gCO2eq per kWh) | | | Sheet CO2 KWH ELE | Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh,Bosnia and Herzegovina,Botswana,Brazil,Bulgaria,Cambodia,People's Republic of China,the Democratic Republic of the Congo,Croatia,Cyprus, Georgia,Ghana,Hong Kong-China,India,Kazakhstan,Kenya,Kosovo,Kyrgyzstan,Malta,Mauritius,Republic of Moldova,Mongolia,Montenegro,Morocco,Namibia,Nigeria,Republic of North Macedonia,Peru,Philippines,Romania,SerbiaSingaporeSouth AfricaChinese Taipei,United Republic of Tanzania,Thailand,Ukraine,Uruguay,Viet Nam and Zambia. | * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 9 | Flow | Countries | | --- | --- | | Emissions per kWh of electricity and heat (gCO2 per kWh) Sheet CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT | Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cambodia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Cyprus, Georgia, Ghana, Hong Kong-China, India, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kosovo, Malta, Mauritius, Republic of Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Republic of North Macedonia, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Serbia, Singapore, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, Thailand, Uruguay, Viet Nam and Zambia. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * The factors described in this document are detailed below: • CO2 emission factors for electricity and heat generation for world countries (in CO2 per kWh, 1990 to 2023). (Sheet CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT) \\mathbf{c0\_{2}} • CO2 emission factors for electricity only generation (CHP electricity included) for world countries (in CO2 per kWh, 1990 to 2023). (Sheet CO2KWH ELE) Provisional 2024 CO2 emission factors for electricity and electricity/heat generation, based on provisional \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathbf{c0\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} Provisional 2024 CO2 emission factors for electricity and electricity/heat generation, based on provisional electricity generation data (for all OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries) are also available in sheets CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT and CO2KWH ELE. 2024,(0\_\_{2} Note: the above emission factors are given for electricity and electricity/heat generation for: total electricity generation; generation from oil, coal, gas and from non-renewable waste, as well as from biofuels. (Sheets CO2 KWH ELE & HEAT and CO2KWH ELE) • CH4 and N2O emission factors for electricity generation (based on default IPCC factors) (in CO2eq per kWh, 1990 to 2023). (Sheets CH4 factors and N2O factors) \\mathbf{C H\_{4}} \\mathrm{N}{}\_{2}{}\ \\mathrm{C O}\_{2}\\mathrm{e q} • Adjustment factors for indirect emissions induced by electricity trade between countries (for OECD countries, 1990 to 2023). (Sheet Trade adjustment) • Adjustment factors for emissions associated with transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid (for countries with available data, 1990 to 2023). (Sheet T&D losses adjustment) • Emission factors by fuel from direct combustion in final consumption sectors, other than electricity and heat production (1990 to 2023). (Sheet Direct combustion factors) • Total upstream emission factors (in CO2eq per kWh) (sheet Total upstream factors) Note that the fuel-cycle emission factors are a sub-component of total upstream emission factors. Life cycle adjustment factors for transmission and distribution losses (in CO2eq per kWh) (sheet Life cycle Life cycle adjustment factors for transmission and distribution losses (in CO2eq per kWh) (sheet Life cycle T&D factors) Note that these adjustment factors are not included in the above emission factors and can be added to the Note that these adjustment factors are not included in the above emission factors and can be added to the above to derive a closer intensity figure at the final consumption point. Total emission factors (in CO2eq per kWh) (sheet Total emission factors) • Total emission factors (in CO2eq per kWh) (sheet Total emission factors) \\mathbf{c o}\_{2} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} • Monthly CO2 emission factors for electricity only generation (CHP electricity included) in CO2 per kWh, January 2015 to March 2025. (Sheet CO2KWH ELE - Monthly) \\mathrm{k W h}, • Quarterly CO2 emission factors for electricity only generation (CHP electricity included) in CO2 per st nd kWh, 1 quarter of 2015 to 2 quarter of 2025. (Sheet CO2KWH ELE - Quarterly) \\mathbf{c0\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} 1^{\\mathrm{s t}} 2^{\\mathrm{n d}} * * * 3. DEFINITIONS Electricity and Heat Output and Emissions per kWh | Flow | Definition | | --- | --- | | Emissions per kWh of electricity only(gCO2eqperkWh) | This ratio is expressed in grammes of CO2eqperkWh.CharacteristicsThis ratio is based on total emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation,in both electricity-only and combined heat and power plants(CHP),divided by output of electricity generated from all fossil and non-fossil sources.Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation. | | Emissions per kWh of electricity and heat(gCO2eqperkWh) | This ratio is based on total GHG emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity and heat generation divided by the output of electricity and heat(inkWh)from all fossil and non-fossil sources.It includes electricity-only plants,combined heat and power plants,and heat-only plants.Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation. | | Trade adjustment(gCO2/kWh) | Part of the electricity consumed in one country may have been generated in another one.Similarly,part of the electricity generated in one country can be exported to other countries.Therefore,adjustments may be done to the emission factors calculated above to account for electricity trade.Such adjustments are based on the share of electricity that is imported or exported compared to the domestic supply.The data needed to calculate such adjustment are only available for OECD countries.This adjustment can be positive or negative. | | Transmission and distribution losses adjustment(gCO2/kWh) | As electricity is transmitted through a grid from the generation point to the consumption point,losses can occur for different reasons-they usually represent between5and15%of the energy transmitted,mainly depending on the distance of the lines.Basically,for eachkWhbeing consumed,a higher amount had to be generated. | | Direct combustion factors(kgCO2eq/m3orgCO2eq/m3orkgCO2eq/kgorgCO2eq/kg) | These factors are computed as weighted average of the consumption across all sectors excluding electricity generation.The included sectors comprise of energy industry own use,industry,transport,residential,commercial and public services,agriculture/forestry,fishing and other non-specified final consumption sector. | | Total upstream emission factors(CO2eq/kWh) | Correspond to the total upstream emissions intensity associated with the national electricity generation.The factors are computed using the overall life cycle footprint of the electricity generation technologies/fuels excluding direct emissions from combustion of the fuels at the generation point weighted by their respective shares in the generation mix. | | For the most recent year available,this value is estimated based on provisional data. | | \\mathrm{C O}\_{2\\mathrm{e q}} \\mathrm{{(g C O\_{2e q}}} \ (g C0\_{2e q}/^{{3}},o,r,g0\_{2e q}/mathfrak{m}^{3},( k g C O\_{2e q}/k g o r g C O\_{2e q}/k g) (\\mathrm{C O\_{2e@}/k W h}) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Electricity and Heat Output and Emissions per kWh | Flow | Definition | | --- | --- | | Fuel-cycle emission factors(CO2eq/kWh) | Correspond to the fuel-cycle emissions intensity associated with the national electricity generation.The factors are computed using the life cycle emissions intensity corresponding to fossil fuels,uranium and biofuels fuel-cycles weighted by the respective shares of all fuels/technologies in the generation mix.The non-fuel cycle life cycle emissions and the direct emissions from combustion of the fuels at the generation point are excluded. | | Note that the fuel-cycle emission factors are a sub-component of total upstream emission factors. | | | For the most recent year available,this value is estimated based on provisional data. | | | Life cycle adjustment factors for transmission and distribution losses(CO2eq/kWh) | Include the emission intensities associated with the transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid developed from a life cycle perspective.The factors are developed by multiplying the life cycle emission intensity of the electricity grid by the percentage of the T&D losses occurred. | | Note that these adjustment factors are not included in the above emission factors and can be added to the above to derive a closer intensity figure at the final consumption point. | | | Total greenhouse emissions per kwh of activity or electricity generated(gCO2eq/kWh) | Corresponds to the sum of emissions per kWh of electricity generation only for CO2,N2O and CH4, trade adjustment accounting for the emissions impact of electricity trade between countries (for OECD countries),total upstream emissions intensity associated with the national electricity generation and relevant adjustments associated with the transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid developed from a life cycle perspective.This is only included in the Emission Factors data package. | (mathrm{C O}\_{2e q}/\\mathrm{k W h}) \\mathrm{(C O\_{2e q}/k W h)} INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * | GHG | | | | --- | --- | --- | | GHG | Short name | Definition | | CO2eq | CO2E | CO2 equivalent | | CO2 | CO2 | CO2 | | CH4 | CH4 | The emission factors are converted from gCH4andgN2O to gCO2equsing the 100-year Global Warming Potential(GWP).To ensure alignment with the latest requirements fromEuropean SustainabilityReporting(ESRS)and other major disclosure standards,the factorsfrom the6th Assessment of the IPCC are used.1gCH4=27gCO2eq | | N2O | N2O | The emission factors are converted fromgCH4andgN2O togCO2equsing the 100-year Global Warming Potential(GWP).To ensure alignment with the latest requirements fromEuropean SustainabilityReporting(ESRS)和 other major disclosure standards,the factorsfrom the6th Assessment of the IPCC are used.1gN2O=273gCO2eq | \\mathrm{g C O\_{2e q}} \\mathrm{g N\_{2}O} \\mathrm{l g C H\_{4}=27\ g C O\_{2e q}} \\mathrm{g C O\_{2e e}} l g N\_{2}O=2T73\ g g C\_{2e q} Aggregated product categories | Aggregated product categories | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Flow | Short name | Definition | | Total | TOTAL | TOTAL=the total of allCO2 emissions from fuel combustion,i.e. COAL+OIL+NATGAS+OTHER. | | Coal, peat and oil shale | COAL | Coal, peat and oil shale includes all coal,both primary(hard coal,brown coal,anthracite,coking coal,other bituminous coal,sub-bituminous coal and lignite)and derived fuels(patent fuel,coke oven coke,gas coke,coal tar,BKB,gas works gas,coke oven gas,blast furnace gas and other recovered gases).Peat,peat products and oil shale are also aggregated in this category. | | Oil | OIL | Oil includes crude oil,natural gas liquids,refinery feedstocks,additives/blending components,orimulsion,other hydrocarbons,refinery gas,ethane,LPG,motor gasoline excl.biofuels,aviation gasoline,gasoline type jet fuel,kerosene type jet fuel excl.biofuels,kerosene,gas/diesel oil excl.biofuels,fuel oil,naphtha,white spirit,lubricants,bitumen,paraffin waxes,petroleum coke and non-specified oil products. | | Natural gas | NATGAS | Gas represents natural gas.It excludes natural gas liquids. | | Non-renewables wastes | OTHER | Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. | | Memo:Biofuels and renewable wastes | BIOPROD | Includes biofuels(primary solid biofuels,biogases,biogasoline,biodiesels,bio jet kerosene and other liquid biofuels)and renewable wastes. | \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathbf{C O A L}+\\mathbf{O I L}+\\mathbf{N A T G A S}+\\mathbf{O T H E R}. * * * 4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE AND COUNTRY NOTES Countries and regions This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | World | WORLD | | OECD Total | OECDTOT | | OECD Americas | OECDAM | | OECD Asia Oceania | OECDAO | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes OECD Total; Africa; Non-OECD Asia Oceania (excluding China); China(P.R. of China and Hong Kong,China);Non-OECD Americas;Middle East;Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia;World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers.It is also the sum ofAfrica(UN),Americas(UN),Asia(UN),Europe(UN),Oceania(UN),World aviation bunkers and World marine bunkers. | | | Includes Australia;Austria;Belgium;Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa Rica;the Czech Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Israel;Italy;Japan;Korea;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Mexico;the Netherlands;New Zealand;Norway;Poland;Portugal;the Slovak Republic;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;the Republic of Türkiye;the United Kingdom and the United States. $ ^{1} $ Estonia,Latvia,Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting in1990.Prior to1990,data forEstonia,Latvia and Lithuania are included inFormer Soviet Union and data forSlovenia in Former Yugoslavia. | | | Includes Canada;Chile;Colombia;Costa Rica;Mexico and the United States. | | | Includes Australia,Israel $ ^{2} $ ,Japan,Korea and New Zealand. | 2 . The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | OECD Europe | OECDEUR | | Africa | AFRICA | | Non-OECD Americas | LATAMER | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Austria; Belgium; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; the Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; the Republic of Türkiye and the United Kingdom. | | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Slovenia are included starting in 1990. Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia. | | | | Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; the Republic of the Congo (Congo); Côte d’Ivoire; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Djibouti; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; the Kingdom of Eswatini; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Réunion (until 2010); Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; the Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan (from 2012), Sudan; the United Republic of Tanzania (Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. | | | Includes Argentina; Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia); Brazil; Cuba; Curaçao3; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Guatemala; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica; Nicaragua; Panama; Paraguay; Peru; Suriname (from 2000); Trinidad and Tobago; Uruguay; Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela) and Other non-OECD Americas. | Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, with the remaining islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities. From 2012 onwards, data now account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only. Prior to 2012, data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles. * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Middle East | MIDEAST | | Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia | EURASIA | | Non-OECD Asia (excluding China) | ASIA | | China(including Hong Kong, China) | CHINAREG | | World Aviation Bunkers | WORLDAV | | World Marine Bunkers | WORLDMAR | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. | | | Includes Albania; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus4; Georgia; Gibraltar; Kazakhstan; Kosovo5; Kyrgyzstan; Malta; Republic of Moldova(Moldova); Montenegro; the Republic of North Macedonia(North Macedonia); Romania; Russian Federation; Serbia6; Tajikistan; Turkmenistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan; Former Soviet Union(prior to 1990)and Former Yugoslavia(prior to 1990). Prior to 1990, data for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are included in Former Soviet Union and data for Slovenia in Former Yugoslavia. | | | Includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam,Cambodia(from 1995), DPR of Korea, India, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic(from 2000); Malaysia,Mongolia(from 1985), Myanmar,Nepal,Pakistan,Philippines,Singapore,Sri Lanka,Chinese Taipei,Thailand,Viet Nam and Other non-OECD Asia. | | | Includes the People's Republic of China and Hong Kong,China. | | | World aviation bunkers represents the sum of International Aviation Bunkers from all countries. | | | World marine bunkers represents the sum of International Marine Bunkers from all countries. | . Note byTurkey: The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union: The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. 5 This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the 5 This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence. 6 . Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. 6 . Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Albania | ALBANIA | | Algeria | ALGERIA | | Angola | ANGOLA | | Argentina | ARGENTINA | | Armenia | ARMENIA | | Australia | AUSTRALI | | Austria | AUSTRIA | | Azerbaijan | AZERBAIJAN | | Bahrain | BAHRAIN | | Bangladesh | BANGLADESH | | Belarus | BELARUS | | Belgium | BELGIUM | | Benin | BENIN | | Bolivia | BOLIVIA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Data available for monthly and quarterly factors from 2018 onwards. | | | | | | | | | Argentina is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data for Armenia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union. | | | Excludes the overseas territories. | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y are labelled as year Y. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data for Azerbaijan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union. | | | | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 July Y-1 and ends on 30 June Y are labelled as year Y. | | | Data for Belarus are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Bosnia and Herzegovina | BOSNIAHERZ | | Botswana | BOTSWANA | | Brazil | BRAZIL | | Brunei Darussalam | BRUNEI | | Bulgaria | BULGARIA | | Cambodia | CAMBODIA | | Cameroon | CAMEROON | | Canada | CANADA | | Chile | CHILE | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors starting in 2019. | | | | | | | Brazil is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4,Bulgaria is allowed to use 1988 as the base year. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Data for Cambodia are available starting in 1995.Prior to that,they are included in Other non-OECD Asia. | | | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data start in 1971.Chile is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country),therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate(IEA Family). | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | People's Republic of China | CHINA | | Colombia | COLOMBIA | | Congo | CONGO | | Costa Rica | COSTARICA | | Côte d’Ivoire | COTEIVOIRE | | Croatia | CROATIA | | Cuba | CUBA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | People's Republic of China is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family).Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Colombia is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country),therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate(IEA Family),for data starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Costa Rica joined the OECD in May 2021;data are now included in the applicable OECD aggregates.Costa Rica is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership(Accession country).Accordingly,Costa Rica is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate for data starting in 1971.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors starting in 2021. | | | Data for Croatia are available starting in 1990.Prior to that,they are included in Former Yugoslavia.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Curaçao | CURACAO | | Cyprus | CYPRUS | | Czech Republic | CZECH | | Democratic People's Republic of Korea | KOREADPR | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010, resulting in two new constituent countries,Curaçao and Sint Maarten,with the remaining islands joining the Netherlands as special municipalities.From 2012 onwards,data now account for the energy statistics of Curaçao Island only.Prior to 2012,data remain unchanged and still cover the entire territory of the former Netherlands Antilles. | | | Note by the Republic of Türkiye(Türkiye):The information in the report with reference to“Cyprus”relates to the southern part of the Island.There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island.Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus(TRNC).Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations,Türkiye shall preserve its position concerning the“Cyprus”issue. | | | Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union:The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye.The information in this report relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.At its seventeenth session,the Conference of the Parties decided to amend Annex I to the Convention to include Cyprus(Decision 10/CP.17).The amendment entered into force on9January2013.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors starting in2018. | | | Data start in1971.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | --- | --- | --- | | Democratic Republic of Congo | CONGOREP | | | Denmark | DENMARK | Excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Dominican Republic | DOMINICANR | | | Ecuador | ECUADOR | | | Egypt | EGYPT | By convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled asyear Y. Egypt is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | El Salvador | ELSALVADOR | | | Equatorial Guinea | EQGUINEA | Data start in1981. | | Eritrea | ERITREA | Data for Eritrea are available from1992.Prior to that,they are included in Ethiopia. | | Estonia | ESTONIA | Data start in1990.Prior to that,they are included within Former Soviet Union. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Ethiopia | ETHIOPIA | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention,data for the fiscal year that starts on1July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled asyear Y. | | Kingdom of Eswatini | ESWATINI | | | Finland | FINLAND | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | --- | --- | --- | | France | FRANCE | Includes Monaco and excludes the overseas collectivities: New Caledonia; French Polynesia; Saint Barthelemy; Saint Martin; Saint Pierre and Miquelon; and Wallis and Futuna. Energy data for the following overseas departments: Guadeloupe; French Guiana; Martinique; Mayotte; and Réunion are included for the years from 2011 onwards, and excluded for earlier years. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Gabon | GABON | | | Georgia | GEORGIA | Data for Georgia are available starting in 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Soviet Union. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors starting in 2018. | | | | Germany | GERMANY | Includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Ghana | GHANA | | | Gibraltar | GIBRALTAR | | | Greece | GREECE | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Guatemala | GUATEMALA | | | Guyana | GUYANA | | | Haiti | HAITI | | | Honduras | HONDURAS | | | Hong Kong, China | HONGKONG | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Hungary | HUNGARY | | Iceland | ICELAND | | India | INDIA | | Indonesia | INDONESIA | | Islamic Republic of Iran | IRAN | | Iraq | IRAQ | | Ireland | IRELAND | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Data starts in 1965. | | According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Hungary is allowed to use average 1985-1987 as the base year. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention, data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y. This convention is different from the one used by Government of India, whereby fiscal year starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y+1. | | India is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Indonesia is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | Data are reported on the Iranian fiscal year basis. Data for the fiscal year that starts on 20 March Y and ends on 19 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y. | | | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Israel | ISRAEL | | Italy | ITALY | | Jamaica | JAMAICA | | Japan | JAPAN | | Jordan | JORDAN | | Kazakhstan | KAZAKHSTAN | | Kenya | KENYA | | Korea | KOREA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. | | Israel is currently seeking accession to full IEA membership (Accession country), therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | | Includes San Marino and the Holy See. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | Includes Okinawa. | | Starting 1990, data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | Data for Kazakhstan are available starting in 1990. Prior to that they are included in Former Soviet Union. | | | Kenya joined the IEA as an Association country in June 2023. Accordingly, it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family) | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Kosovo | KOSOVO | | Kuwait | KUWAIT | | Kyrgyzstan | KYRGYZSTAN | | Latvia | LATVIA | | Lao People's Democratic Republic | LAO | | Lebanon | LEBANON | | Libya | LIBYA | | Lithuania | LITHUANIA | | Luxembourg | LUXEMBOU | | Madagascar | MADAGASCAR | | Malaysia | MALAYSIA | | Malta | MALTA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo's declaration of independence. | | Data for Kosovo are available starting in 2000. From 1990-1999, data for Kosovo are included in Serbia. Prior 1990 that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia. | | | | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data start in 2000. Prior to that, they are included in the Other non-OECD Asia region. | | | | | | Lithuania joined the IEA in February 2022; however, its data have not been included in the IEA member countries aggregate (IEA total) for this edition. They are included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | At its fifteenth session, the Conference of the Parties decided to amend Annex I to the Convention to include Malta (Decision 3/CP.15). The amendment entered into force on 26 October 2010. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors starting in 2018. | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Mauritius | MAURITIUS | | Mexico | MEXICO | | Republic of Moldova | MOLDOVA | | Mongolia | MONGOLIA | | Montenegro | MONTENEGRO | | Morocco | MOROCCO | | Mozambique | MOZAMBIQUE | | Myanmar | MYANMAR | | Namibia | NAMIBIA | | Nepal | NEPAL | | Netherlands | NETHLAND | | New Zealand | NZ | | Bases and regions | | | --- | --- | | Governmentity over any territory, to the delimitation of of any territory, city or area. In this publication,‘country’ in 1960 for OECD countries and regions,and in 1971 for specified. | | | Electricity statistics which have been used as basis for developing Monthly Electricity Statistics documentation. | | | | Definition | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | Data for Montenegro are available starting in 2005.From 1990 to 2004,data for Montenegro are included in Serbia.Prior to 1990,data are included in Former Yugoslavia. | | | Morocco is an IEA Association country,therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate(IEA Family). | | | | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY | | | Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on31 June Y+1 are labelled as yearY.Data for Namibia are available starting in1991.Prior to that,they are included in Other Africa. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Excludes Suriname,Aruba and the other former the Netherlands Antilles(Bonaire,Curaçao,Saba,Saint Eustatius and Sint Maarten).Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Countries and regions | | | | --- | --- | --- | | This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, country refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | | | | For details regarding the country-specific monthly electricity statistics which have been used as basis for developing monthly and quarterly factors, please refer to the IEA Monthly Electricity Statistics documentation. | | | | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | Nicaragua | NICARAGUA | | | Niger | NIGER | | | Nigeria | NIGERIA | | | Republic of North Macedonia | NORTHMACED | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Norway | NORWAY | Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral Approach estimates and the difference in the resulting growth rates arise from statistical differences between supply and consumption data for oil and natural gas. For Norway, supply of these fuels is the residual of two very large and opposite terms, production and exports.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Oman | OMAN | | | Pakistan | PAKISTAN | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled as year Y. | | Panama | PANAMA | | | Paraguay | PARAGUAY | | | Peru | PERU | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Philippines | PHILIPPINES | | | Poland | POLAND | According to the provisions of Article4.6 of the Convention and Decisions9/CP.2 and11/CP.4, Poland is allowed to use1988as the base year.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Portugal | PORTUGAL | Includes the Azores and Madeira.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | Qatar | QATAR | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Romania | ROMANIA | | Russian Federation | RUSSIA | | Rwanda | RWANDA | | Saudi Arabia | SAUDIARABI | | Senegal | SENEGAL | | Serbia | SERBIA | | Singapore | SINGAPORE | | Slovak Republic | SLOVAKIA | | Slovenia | SLOVENIA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Romania is allowed to use 1989 as the base year. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | | | | Senegal joined the IEA as an Association country in June 2023. Accordingly, it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family) | | | Serbia includes Kosovo from 1990 to 1999 and Montenegro from 1990 to 2004. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | Singapore is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Data for Slovenia are available from 1990. Prior to that, they are included in Former Yugoslavia in the full publication. | | According to the provisions of Article 4.6 of the Convention and Decisions 9/CP.2 and 11/CP.4, Slovenia is allowed to use 1986 as the base year. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | South Africa | SOUTHAFRIC | | South Sudan | SSUDAN | | Spain | SPAIN | | Sri Lanka | SRILANKA | | Sudan | SUDAN | | Suriname | SURINAME | | Sweden | SWEDEN | | Switzerland | SWITLAND | | Chinese Taipei | TAIPEI | | Tajikistan | TAJIKISTAN | | United Republic of Tanzania | TANZANIA | | Thailand | THAILAND | | Togo | TOGO | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Nuclear data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on 1 April Y and ends on 31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y. | | South Africa is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | | Data for South Sudan are available starting in 2012. Prior to that, they are included in Sudan. | | | Includes the Canary Islands. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011. Data for South Sudan are available from 2012. Prior to 2012, they are included in Sudan. | | | Data for Suriname are available from 2000. Prior to 2000, data for Suriname are presented in Other non-OECD Americas. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | Includes Liechtenstein for the oil data. Data for other fuels do not include Liechtenstein. | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | | | | Thailand is an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Trinidad and Tobago | TRINIDAD | | Tunisia | TUNISIA | | Republic of Türkiye | TURKEY | | Turkmenistan | TURKMENIST | | Ukraine | UKRAINE | | United Arab Emirates | UAE | | Uganda | UGANDA | | United Kingdom | UK | \| Sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of of any territory, city or area. In this publication,‘country’ in 1960 for OECD countries and regions,and in 1971 for specified. | Electricity statistics which have been used as basis for developing Monthly Electricity Statistics documentation. | | | --- | --- | | | Definition | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | Ukraine is currently an IEA Association country, therefore it is included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate (IEA Family). | | | | | | | | | Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports. Supplies of coal and oil to these islands are,therefore,included as part of UK supply.Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included with the exports to Ireland. | | As of the 1st of February 2020,the United Kingdom(UK)is no longer part of the European Union(EU)and was into a transition period until31 December 2020.The UK is excluded from the EU27 2020 aggregate,but still included in the EU28 aggregate for reference. | | | Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | United States | USA | | Uruguay | URUGUAY | | Uzbekistan | UZBEKISTAN | | Venezuela | VENEZUELA | | Viet Nam | VIETNAM | | Yemen | YEMEN | | Zambia | ZAMBIA | | Zimbabwe | ZIMBABWE | | Former Soviet Union(if no detail) | FSUND | | Former Yugoslavia(if no detail) | YUGOND | | Other Africa | OTHERAFRIC | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia but generally excludes all territories, and all trade between the U.S. and its territories.Oil statistics include Guam,Puerto Rico7and the United States Virgin Islands; trade statistics for coal include international trade to and from Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.Starting with 2017 data, inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat generation include Puerto Rico.Data are also available for monthly and quarterly factors. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Before 1990,includes Armenia,Azerbaijan,Belarus,Estonia,Georgia,Kazakhstan,Kyrgyzstan,Latvia,Lithuania,Republic of Moldova,Russian Federation,Tajikistan,Turkmenistan,Ukraine and Uzbekistan. | | | | | | Includes Burkina Faso;Burundi;Cape Verde;Central African Republic;Chad;Comoros;Djibouti;Gambia;Guinea;Guinea-Bissau;Lesotho;Liberia;Malawi;Mali;Mauritania;Namibia(until1990);Réunion(until2010);Sao Tome and Principe;Seychelles;Sierra Leone and Somalia. | 7 . Inputs to and outputs from electricity and heat generation up to 2016, and natural gas data for the entire time series for Puerto Rico are included under Other non-OECD Americas. * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Other non-OECD Americas | OTHERLATIN | | Other non-OECD Asia | OTHERASIA | | Burkina Faso\* | MBURKINFA | | Chad\* | MCHAD | | Greenland\* | MGREENLAND | | Mauritania\* | MAURITANIA | | Mali\* | MALI | | Palestinian Authority\* | MPALESTINE | | Memo: ASEAN | MASEAN | \| S and regions Governmentity over any territory, to the delimitation of any territory, city or area. In this publication,‘country’ in 1960 for OECD countries and regions,and in 1971 for specified. | Electricity statistics which have been used as basis for developing Monthly Electricity Statistics documentation. | | | --- | --- | | | Definition | | | Includes Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda; Aruba; the Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; Bonaire(from 2012);the British Virgin Islands;the Cayman Islands;Dominica;the Falkland Islands(Malvinas);French Guiana(until 2010);Grenada;Guadeloupe(until 2010);Martinique(until 2010);Montserrat;Puerto Rico(for natural gas and-up to 2016 data-electricity)11;Saba(from 2012);Saint Eustatius(from 2012);Saint Kitts and Nevis;Saint Lucia;Saint Pierre and Miquelon;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;Sint Maarten(from 2012);Suriname(until 1999);the Turks and Caicos Islands. | | | Includes Afghanistan;Bhutan;Cambodia(until 1994);Cook Islands;Fiji;French Polynesia;Kiribati;Lao People's Democratic Republic(until 1999);Macau,China;Maldives;Mongolia(until 1984);New Caledonia;Palau(from 1994);Papua New Guinea;Samoa;Solomon Islands;Timor Leste;Tonga and Vanuatu. | | | Burkina Faso data are also included in the Other Africa region. | | | Chad data are also included in the Other Africa region. | | | Data starts in 2004.Prior to 1990,data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statistics,within the OECD region.They are not included in any region after 1990. | | | | | | | | | | | | Data starts in 2000.Includes:Brunei;Cambodia;Indonesia;Lao People's Democratic Republic;Malaysia;Myanmar;Philippines;Singapore;Thailand;and Viet Nam. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo: Africa(UN) | UNAFRICA | | Memo: Americas(UN) | UNAMERICAS | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Algeria; Angola; Benin; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; Central African Republic; Chad; Comoros; the Republic of the Congo(Congo); Côte d’Ivoire; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Djibouti; Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Eritrea; the Kingdom of Eswatini; Ethiopia; Gabon; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia; Libya; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Réunion(until2010); Rwanda; Sao Tome and Principe; Senegal; the Seychelles; Sierra Leone; Somalia; South Africa; South Sudan(from2012); Sudan; the United Republic of Tanzania(Tanzania); Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; Zambia; Zimbabwe. | | Note that Memo:Africa(UN)是 identical to Africa. | | | | Includes Antigua and Barbuda; Argentina; Aruba; the Bahamas; Barbados; Belize; Bermuda; the Plurinational State of Bolivia(Bolivia); Bonaire(from2012);the British Virgin Islands; Brazil; Canada; the Cayman Islands; Chile; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Curaçao8; Dominica; the Dominican Republic; Ecuador;El Salvador;the Falkland Islands(Malvinas); Guatemala;French Guiana(until2010);Grenada; Guadeloupe(until2010);Guyana;Haiti; Honduras; Jamaica;Martinique(until2010);Mexico; Montserrat;Nicaragua;Panama;Paraguay;Peru;Puerto Rico(for natural gas)9;Saba(from2012);Saint Kitts and Nevis;Saint Lucia;Saint Pierre and Miquelon;Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;Sint Eustatius(from2012);Sint Maarten(from2012);Suriname;Trinidad and Tobago;the Turks and Caicos Islands;the United States;Uruguay;the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela(Venezuela). | 8 . The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved on 10 October 2010 resulting in two new ‘constituent countries’ (Curaçao and Sint Maarten) with the other islands joining The Netherlands as “special municipalities’. However, due to lack of detailed data the IEA Secretariat’s data and estimates under the “Netherlands Antilles” still refer to the whole territory of the Netherlands Antilles as it was known prior to 10 October 2010 up to the end of 2011. Data refer only to the island of Curaçao from 2012. The other islands of the former Netherlands Antilles are added to Other non-OECD Americas from 2012. 9 . Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are included under the United States. * * * Countries and regions This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo: Asia(UN) | UNASIATOT | | Memo: Europe(UN) | UNEUROPE | | Memo: Oceania(UN) | UNOCEANIA | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Data for Asia(UN)are available from 1990.Includes Afghanistan;Armenia;Azerbaijan;Bahrain;Bangladesh;Bhutan;Brunei Darussalam;Cambodia;the People's Republic of China;Cyprus$^{10}$;Georgia;Hong Kong,China;India;Indonesia;the Islamic Republic of Iran;Iraq;Israel$^{11}$;Japan;Jordan;the Democratic People's Republic of Korea;Korea;Kazakhstan;Kuwait;Kyrgyzstan;Lao People's Democratic Republic;Lebanon;Macau,China;Malaysia;the Maldives;Mongolia;Myanmar;Nepal;Oman;Pakistan;the Philippines;Qatar;Saudi Arabia;Singapore;Sri Lanka;the Syrian Arab Republic;Tajikistan;Chinese Taipei;Thailand;Timor-Leste;Turkey;Turkmenistan;the United Arab Emirates;Uzbekistan;Viet Nam;and Yemen. | | | Data for Europe(UN)are available from 1990.Includes Albania;Austria;Belarus;Belgium;Bosnia and Herzegovina;Bulgaria;Croatia;the Czech Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;the Republic of North Macedonia(North Macedonia);France;Germany;Gibraltar;Greece;Hungary;Iceland;Ireland;Italy;Kosovo$^{12}$;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Malta;the Republic of Moldova(Moldova);Montenegro;the Netherlands;Norway;Poland;Portugal;Romania;the Russian Federation;Serbia$^{13}$;the Slovak Republic;Slovenia;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;Ukraine;the United Kingdom. | | | Includes Australia;New Zealand;Cook Islands;Fiji;French Polynesia;Kiribati;New Caledonia;Palau;Papua New Guinea;Samoa;the Solomon Islands;Tonga;Vanuatu. | 10 . Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this section. 11 . The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is 11 . The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 12 . This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the 12 . This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244/99 and the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on Kosovo’s declaration of independence. 13 . Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. 13 . Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. * * * Countries and regions This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo: non-OECD total | NOECDTOT | | Memo: IEA Total | IEATOT | | Memo: IEA and Accession/Association countries | IEAFAMILY | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Africa; Non OECD Asia (excluding China); China(P.R. of China and Hong Kong,China);Non-OECD Americas;Middle East and Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia。 | | | Includes Australia; Austria;Belgium;Canada;the Czech Republic;Denmark;Estonia;Finland;France;Germany;Greece;Hungary;Ireland;Italy;Japan;Korea;Latvia;Lithuania;Luxembourg;Mexico $ ^{14} $ ;the Netherlands;New Zealand;Norway;Poland;Portugal;the Slovak Republic;Spain;Sweden;Switzerland;the Republic of Türkiye;the United Kingdom and the United States。Estonia is included starting in 1990.Prior to 1990,data for Estonia are included in Former Soviet Union。 | | | Includes:IEA member countries:Australia,Austria,Belgium,Canada,the Czech Republic,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Korea,Latvia,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Mexico,the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,the Slovak Republic,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,the Republic of Türkiye,the United Kingdom and the United States;Accession countries:Chile,Colombia,Costa Rica,Israel;Association countries:Argentina,Brazil,the People's Republic of China,Egypt,India,Indonesia,Kenya,Morocco,Senegal,Singapore,South Africa,Thailand,Ukraine。 | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo: European Union-28 | EU28 | | Memo: European Union-27 | EU27 | | Memo: Former Yugoslavia | MYUGO | | Memo: Former Soviet Union | MFSU15 | | Memo: OPEC | OPEC | | Memo: G7 | MG7 | | Memo: G8 | MG8 | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Refers to the EU27 with the addition of the United Kingdom. | | | Includes Austria; Belgium; Bulgaria; Croatia; Cyprus; the Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Ireland; Italy; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg; Malta; the Netherlands; Poland; Portugal; Romania; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, all of these countries are included since 1990 despite different entry dates into the European Union. | | | Includes Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. Please note that in the interest of having comparable data, all of these countries are included since 1990 despite different entry dates into the European Union. | | | Includes Former Yugoslavia (if no detail); Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatia; the Republic of North Macedonia (North Macedonia); Kosovo; Montenegro; Slovenia and Serbia | | | Includes the Former Soviet Union with all 15 countries for all years. | | | Includes Algeria; Republic of the Congo; Equatorial Guinea; Gabon; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Iraq; Kuwait; Libya; Nigeria; Saudi Arabia; the United Arab Emirates; the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Venezuela). | | | Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. | | | Includes Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Countries and regions | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo:G20 | MG20 | | Memo:Annex I Parties | ANNEX1 | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China(including Hong Kong,China),India, Indonesia,Japan,Korea,Mexico,Russian Federation,Saudi Arabia,South Africa,the Republic of Türkiye,the United Kingdom,the United States,the European Union-27 and the African Union. | | | Includes Australia,Austria,Belarus,Belgium,Bulgaria,Canada,Croatia,Cyprus $ ^{15} $ ,theCzech Republic $ ^{16,17} $ ,Denmark,Estonia,Finland,France,Germany,Greece,Hungary,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Japan,Latvia,Liechtenstein(not available in this publication) $ ^{18} $ ,Lithuania,Luxembourg,Malta,Monaco(included with France),the Netherlands,New Zealand,Norway,Poland,Portugal,Romania,the Russian Federation,the Slovak Republic $ ^{19} $ ,Slovenia,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland,the Republic of Türkiye,Ukraine,theUnited Kingdom and the United States. $ ^{20} $ The countries that are listed above are included inAnnex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as amended on11 December1997by the12thPlenary meeting of theThird Conference of the Parties in Decision4/CP.3.This includes the countries that were members of theOECD at the time of the signing of the Convention,theEEC,and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and theFormer Soviet Union that were undergoing the process of transition to market economies.During subsequent sessions,the Conference of the Parties agreed to amend Annex I to the Convention to include Malta(Decision3/CP.15,effective from26October2010)andCyprus(Decision10/CP.17,effectivefrom9January2013). | 15 . Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this section. 16 . Czechia in official UN documents. 16 . Czechia in official UN documents. 17\. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries. 17. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries. 18 . Oil data for Liechtenstein are included under Switzerland. 19 . Slovakia in official UN documents. 20 . The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned an overall reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, which by 20 . The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned an overall reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, which by agreement, was used to determine the individual targets of the fifteen states that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. * * * Countries and regions This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | | --- | --- | | Memo: Annex II Parties | ANNEX2 | | Memo: Annex II North America | ANNEX2NA | | Memo: Annex II Europe | ANNEX2EU | | Memo: Annex II Asia Oceania | ANNEX2AO | | Memo: Annex I Economies in Transition | ANNEX1EIT | | Memo: Non-Annex I Parties | NONANNEX1 | | | Definition | | --- | --- | | | Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France21, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland22,the United Kingdom and the United States. | | According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4,the Republic of Türkiye has been deleted from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention.This amendment entered into force on28 June 2002. | | | | Includes Canada and the United States. | | | Includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France,Germany,Greece,Iceland,Ireland,Italy,Luxembourg,the Netherlands,Norway,Portugal,Spain,Sweden,Switzerland and the United Kingdom. | | | Includes Australia,Japan and New Zealand. | | | Annex I:Economies in Transition(EITs)are those countries in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.This includesBelarus,Bulgaria,Croatia,the Czech Republic,Estonia,Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Poland,Romania,Russian Federation,the Slovak Republic,Slovenia and Ukraine. | | | | 21 . In IEA data, France also includes Monaco, which is not in the list of Annex II Parties. 22 . In IEA data, Switzerland includes Oil data for Liechtenstein, which is not in the list of Annex II Parties. 22 . In IEA data, Switzerland includes Oil data for Liechtenstein, which is not in the list of Annex II Parties. * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 39 | | Countries and regions This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions, and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. For details regarding the country-specific monthly electricity statistics which have been used as basis for developing monthly and quarterly factors, please refer to the IEA Monthly Electricity Statistics documentation. | | | --- | --- | --- | | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | Memo: Annex B Kyoto Parties | ANNEXB | Includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus23 , the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, 24 Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Refers to countries with emission targets under the second commitment period (CP) of the Kyoto Protocol (2013-2020) as per the Doha Amendment. This differs from the list of countries with targets under the first CP (2008-2012). Please note that the Doha Amendment has not yet entered into force. Membership of Annex B in the second CP of the Kyoto Protocol differs from that in Annex I. In particular, Annex B excludes, or does not contain targets for Canada, Japan, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Türkiye and the United States (all Annex I member states), but includes Kazakhstan (a non-Annex I Party under the Convention, but an Annex I Party under the Kyoto Protocol (as per decision 9/CMP.8). | | • Svalbard; Jan Mayen Islands; • Western Sahara; • • Antarctica; • Non-OECD Asia (excluding China): Futuna Islands. | Please note that the following countries have not been considered: Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia: Andorra; Faroe Islands (after 1990); Liechtenstein (except for oil data); Africa: British Indian Ocean Territory; French Southern and Antarctic Lands; Mayotte; Saint Helena; Non-OECD Americas: Bouvet Island; Saint Barthélemy; Greenland (after 1990); Saint Martin (French Part); South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Heard Island and McDonald Islands; Marshall Islands; Micronesia (Federated States of); Nauru; Niue; Norfolk Island; Northern Mariana Islands; Pitcairn; Tokelau; Tuvalu; United States Minor Outlying Islands; Wallis and | American Samoa; Cocos (Keeling) Islands; Christmas Island; | 23 . Refer to the country note for Cyprus earlier in this section. 24 . The European Union is also an Annex I Party in its own right. The EU was assigned an overall reduction target under the Kyoto Protocol, which by agreement, was used to determine the individual targets of the fifteen states that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Supplementary countries With the objective to increase the geographical coverage of the information provided, the IEA has estimated emission factors for electricity and heat generation for over sixty supplementary countries25 not covered explicitly in the IEA World energy balances, using a simplified approach based on more aggregated26 energy data from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) 2022 Energy Balances publication ( [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/balance](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/balance)). For these set of countries, emissions estimates are available starting with 1990. As for the other countries covered in the database, such estimations are based on the Tier 1 methodology of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using weighted average emission factors for the aggregated product categories of the energy data which reflect for each country the mix of the relevant region in the IEA World energy balances database (Other non-OECD America, Other Africa or Other non-OECD Asia). This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1990 and finishes in 2022 for this set of countries unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | --- | --- | --- | | Afghanistan\* | MAFGHANIST | | | Anguilla\* | MANGUILLA | | | Antigua and Barbuda\* | MANTIGUABA | | | Aruba\* | MARUBA | | | Bahamas\* | MBAHAMAS | | | Barbados\* | MBARBADOS | | | Belize\* | MBELIZE | | | Bhutan\* | MBHUTAN | | | Burundi\* | MBURUNDI | | | Cabo Verde\* | MCABOVERDE | | | Central African Republic\* | MCENTRAFRI | | | Comoros\* | MCOMOROS | | | Cook Islands\* | MCOOKISLA | | | Djibouti\* | MDJIBOUTI | | | Dominica\* | MDOMINICA | | 25 Please consider that the data for such countries (based on UNSD energy data), may not add up to the respective regional totals based on IEA energy data (Other Africa, Other non-OECD America and Other non-OECD Asia), as they are independently treated. 26 Such data are available for the following list of aggregated product categories (primary coal, secondary coal, oil products and 26 Such data are available for the following list of aggregated product categories (primary coal, secondary coal, oil products and crude/NGL/feedstocks).. * * * Supplementary countries | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | --- | --- | --- | | Fiji\* | MFIJI | | | Gambia\* | MGAMBIA | | | Grenada\* | MGRENADA | | | Guinea\* | MGUINEA | | | Guinea-Bissau\* | MGUINEABIS | | | Kiribati\* | MKIRIBATI | | | Lesotho\* | MLESOTHO | | | Liberia\* | MLIBERIA | | | Malawi\* | MMALAWI | | | Maldives\* | MMALDIVES | | | Marshall Islands\* | MMARSHALL | | | Micronesia(Federated States of)\* | MMICRONES | | | Nauru\* | MNAURU | | | Niue\* | MNIUE | | | Palau\* | MPALAU | | | Papua New Guinea\* | MPAPUANG | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Supplementary countries With the objective to increase the geographical coverage of the information provided, the IEA has estimated emission factors for electricity and heat generation for over sixty supplementary countries25 not covered explicitly in the IEA World energy balances, using a simplified approach based on more aggregated26 energy data from the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) 2022 Energy Balances publication ( [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/balance](https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/balance)). For these set of countries, emissions estimates are available starting with 1990. As for the other countries covered in the database, such estimations are based on the Tier 1 methodology of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using weighted average emission factors for the aggregated product categories of the energy data which reflect for each country the mix of the relevant region in the IEA World energy balances database (Other non-OECD America, Other Africa or Other non-OECD Asia). This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, ‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be. Data start in 1990 and finishes in 2022 for this set of countries unless otherwise specified. | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | --- | --- | --- | | Puerto Rico\* | MPUERTORIC | | | Saint Kitts and Nevis\* | MSTKITTSNE | | | Saint Lucia\* | MSTLUCIA | | | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\* | MSTVINCENT | | | Samoa\* | MSAMOA | | | Sao Tome and Principe\* | MSAOTOME | | | Seychelles\* | MSEYCHELLE | | | Sierra Leone\* | MSIERRALEO | | | Solomon Islands\* | MSOLOMONIS | | | Somalia\* | MSOMALIA | | | Timor-Leste\* | MTIMORLES | | | Tonga\* | MTONGA | | | Tuvalu\* | MTUVALU | | | Vanuatu\* | MVANUATU | | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * | This table lists the countries for which data are and end of fiscal years by country is reported in This document is without prejudice to the state international frontiers and boundaries and to the refers to country or territory, as case may be. D non-OECD countries and regions, unless other | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Country/Region | Short name | | | Australia | AUSTRALI | | | Bangladesh | BANGLADESH | | | Egypt | EGYPT | | | Ethiopia | ETHIOPIA | | | India | INDIA | | | Islamic Republic of Iran | IRAN | | | Japan | JAPAN | | | Myanmar | MYANMAR | | | Namibia | NAMIBIA | | | Nepal | NEPAL | | | Pakistan | PAKISTAN | | \| Fiscal year are reported on a fiscal year basis. More information on beginning on the column‘Definition’. | status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of the name of any territory, city or area.In this publication，‘country’ data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions,and in 1971 for wise specified. | | | --- | --- | | Definition | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention，data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y-1 and ends on30 June Y are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y-1 and ends on30 June Y are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention，data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention，data for the fiscal year that starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY.This convention is different from the one used by Government of India，whereby fiscal year starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY+1. | | | Data are reported according to the Iranian calendar year.By convention data for the year that starts on20 March Y and ends on19 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Starting1990，data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention，data for the fiscal year that starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Electricity data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on31 June Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 July Y and ends on30 June Y+1 are labelled as yearY. | | | Data are reported on a fiscal year basis.By convention fiscal yearY/Y+1 is labelled as yearY. | | * * * \| Fiscal year This table lists the countries for which data are reported on a fiscal year basis. More information on beginning and end of fiscal years by country is reported in the column ‘Definition’. | This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication,‘country’ refers to country or territory, as case may be.Data start in 1960 for OECD countries and regions,and in 1971 for non-OECD countries and regions, unless otherwise specified. | | | | --- | --- | --- | | Country/Region | Short name | Definition | | South Africa | SOUTHAFRIC | Nuclear data are reported on a fiscal year basis. By convention data for the fiscal year that starts on1 April Y and ends on31 March Y+1 are labelled as year Y. | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * 5. METHODOLOGY: GHG/KWH EMISSION FACTORS Data source The estimates of GHG emissions in this publication are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the IEA World Energy Balances data; they represent the total emissions from fuel combustion. For OECD Member countries, these figures are derived based on information provided in the five annual OECD questionnaires completed by the national administrations. For the member countries of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) and a few others, the data shown are mostly based on information provided by the national administrations through the same annual questionnaires. The commodity balances for all other countries are based on national energy data of heterogeneous nature, converted and adapted to fit the IEA format and methodology. Considerable effort has been made to ensure that the data presented adhere to the IEA definitions reported in the section on Methodological notes in the general documentation27. These definitions, based on the United Nations International Recommendations on Energy Statistics28, are used by most of the international organisations that collect energy statistics. Nevertheless, energy statistics at the national level are often collected using criteria and definitions which differ, sometimes considerably, from those of international organisations. This is especially true for non-OECD countries, which are submitting data to the IEA on a voluntary basis. The IEA secretariat has identified most of these differences and, where possible, adjusted the data to meet international definitions. The indicator: definition In the total CO2 emissions per kWh, for electricity or for electricity and heat generation, the numerator presents the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation, while the denominator presents the total electricity generated, coming from fossil fuels, but also from nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, biofuels, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh vary a lot across countries and from year to year, depending on the generation mix. \\mathbf{c0{}\_{2}} {mathbf\\mathbf c{}0}\_{2} The above factors reflect annual average intensities of the national grid and can be used for the estimation of location-based Scope 2 emissions corresponding to consumption of purchased electricity under the GHG protocol. In the CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel the numerator and denominator only refer to the electricity generation from a given fuel: • Coal includes primary and secondary coal, and coal gases. Peat and oil shale have also been aggregated with coal, where applicable. • Oil includes oil products (and crude oil for some countries). • Non-renewable wastes includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. • Biofuels includes both biofuels and renewable wastes. Note that these emission factors, for the CO2 \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} • Oil includes oil products (and crude oil for some countries). • Gas represents natural gas. • Gas represents natural gas. • Non-renewable wastes includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste. 27. [https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy#documentation](https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy#documentation) 28. [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/IRES\_Whitecover.pdf](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/IRES_Whitecover.pdf). • Biofuels includes both biofuels and renewable wastes. Note that these emission factors, for the CO2 gas, are not accounted for in the total CO2 emissions of the energy sector according to the IPCC guidelines. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} 28. [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/IRES\_Whitecover.pdf](http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/IRES_Whitecover.pdf). * * * **46 - EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition)** # Electricity-only carbon emission factors: allocation of emissions from CHP plants Calculating emission factors for electricity-only generation from the IEA energy balances require specific assumptions, as for combined heat and power (CHP) plants only data for a combined input are available. The IEA adopts the fixed-heat-efficiency approach, which consist in fixing the efficiency of heat generation to compute the input to heat, and calculating the input to electricity as a residual from the total input. The standard heat efficiency was set to that of a typical heat boiler, 90%. The proportionality approach would conversely allocate inputs based on the proportion of electricity and heat in the output. This is equivalent to fixing the efficiency of electricity and heat to be equal. With the advantage of simplicity and transparency, the proportionality approach however tends to overstate electricity efficiency and to understate heat efficiency. For example, for CHP generation in OECD countries, total efficiency is around 60%. However, total electricity-only plant efficiency is around 41% in OECD countries. Similarly, 60% is quite low for heat generation (given typical heat-only plant efficiencies of 80-95%). In general, the fixed-heat-efficiency approach attributes larger emissions to electricity than the proportionality approach, with values much closer to those of electricity-only plants. While the fixed-heat-efficiency approach has proven to provide sensible results in most cases, implementation problems arise in two cases: i) When the observed efficiency is over 100% (i.e. there are problems in data quality). ii) When the observed efficiency is between 90% and 100% (the total efficiency may be correct or it may be overstated). In both cases, it is not possible to use the fixed-heat-efficiency approach and, by default, the proportionality approach is used to allocate the inputs based on the output shares. # Calculation of the carbon emission factor CO2kWh for electricity and heat generation = ∑ 〈(𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠\+ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐶𝐻𝑃 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠\+ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠\+ 𝑂𝑤𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠) × 𝐸𝐹𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙〉 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑\+ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 Where: - CO2kWh : Carbon factors (in CO2/kWh) calculated at the generation point - ∑𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑠: Sum over the fuels. - 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠: Fuel input into the plants (both main activity and autoproducer) expressed in energy unit. - 𝐸𝐹𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙: Default emission factors as provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. - 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑\+ 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑: o For the total emission factor: includes the generation from all sources (i.e. as well the non-emitting sources). o For the emission factors by fuel (oil, coal, gas, non-renewable waste and Memo: biofuels): includes only the electricity generated by the corresponding fuel. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * CO2kWh for electricity generation = =\\frac{{sum\_{f u e t s}}\\langle(I n p u t\_{E i e c t r i c c t y,p l a n t s}+,I n p u t\_{C I P\ p l l n n t s/E l e}+O w n,u s e\_{P l a n t s\ E l e})\\times E F\_{f u e t}\\rangle}{E l e\_{I n l a n d}} Where: • CO2kWh : Carbon factors (in CO2/kWh) calculated at the generation point • ∑ : Sum over the fuels. \ 0\_{2}\\mathrm{k W h} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}/k W h}) • ∑𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑠: Sum over the fuels. • 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 : Fuel input into the plants (both main activity and autoproducer) expressed in energy unit. \\Sigma\_{f u e l s} • 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠: Fuel input into the plants (both main activity and autoproducer) expressed in energy unit. 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 I n p u t\_{\ a l a n t s} \\begin{array}{r l}{\\bullet}&{{},I n p u t\_{C H P,p l a n t s/E l e}=,I n p u t\_{C H P,p l a n t s}-\\frac{H e a t,o u t p u t}{\\eta\_{h e a t}}}\\end{array} ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 • 𝜂ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 efficiency of heat generation - assumed to be 0.9 (i.e. 90%) except when the observed efficiency of CHP generation is higher than 90%, in which case emissions are allocated using the proportionality approach (EFFHEAT = EFFELEC = EFFCHP). 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 \\eta\_{h e a t} (\\mathtt{E F F\_{H E A T}}=\\mathtt{E F F\_{E L E C}}= \\mathrm{E F F P}) \\begin{array}{r}{O w n,u s e\_{P l a n t s/E l e};=;O w n,u s e\_{P l a n t s}\\times\\frac{T o t a l,e l e c t r i c t y,o u t p u t}{T o t a a,e l e c t r i c i t y,o u t p u t+T o t a l,h e a t,o u t p u t}}\\end{array} • 𝐸𝐹𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙: default emission factors as provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. • 𝐸𝑙𝑒 : E F\_{f u e l} • 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑: o For E l e\_{l n l a n d}\ 𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 o For the total emission factor: includes the generation from all sources (i.e. as well the non-emitting sources). o For the emission factors by fuel (oil, coal, gas, non-renewable waste and Memo: biofuels): includes o For the emission factors by fuel (oil, coal, gas, non-renewable waste and Memo: biofuels): includes only the electricity generated by the corresponding fuel. Provisional carbon emission factors While the methodology previously described refers to time series up to the year Y-1, the factors for the latest year (Y) provided for OECD countries and selected non-OECD countries are based on a simplified methodology. The available data for the year Y only include the breakdown of electricity generated by fuel, but not the fuel input to plant. The assumption used is that there was no change in the efficiency of plants and in the energy content of the input products compared to the year Y-1. With these assumptions, the factor was derived as follows: kWh C O\_{2}K W h\\left(Y\\right)=\\frac{\ sum{{\ C\_{f u e l s}}}\\left(C O\_{2}K W h\_{f u e l}(Y-1)\\times E l e\_{I n l a n d\_{f u e l}}\\left(Y\\right)\\right)}{E l e\_{I n l a n d}\\left(Y\\right)} Please note that data for the provisional year may be subject to revisions more often as better information become available in further editions of the product. For the provisional year, only the total carbon emission factor is included. If CO2 represent a large majority in term of greenhouse gas emissions from fuel combustion, it is not the only one. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{g N\_{2}O} \\mathrm{g{H H\_\_{4}}} \\mathrm{N O} Emission factors for CH4 and N2O were calculated using the same methodology as for the CO2 per kWh, using the Tier 1 methodology and the default emission factors of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, including also emissions from biofuels in this case (as opposed to CO2 only emissions). The emission factors are converted from gCH4 and gN2O to gCO2eq using the 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) given below. To ensure alignment with the latest \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{g C O\_{2}e q} requirements from European Sustainability Reporting (ESRS) and other major disclosure standards, the factors from th the 6 Assessment of the IPCC (AR6) are used. 6^{\\mathrm{t h}} | Designation or Name | Chemical formula | 100-Year GWP | | --- | --- | --- | | Carbon dioxide | CO2 | 1 | | Methane | CH4 | 27 | | Nitrous oxide | N2O | 273 | \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C H\_{4}} \\mathrm{N}\_{2} Note that the uncertainty associated with CH4 and N2O emissions factors is very large, therefore these emission factors are provided as an indication when no better information is available. Please see the 2006 IPCC guidelines29 for more information about the uncertainty associated to emission factors. \\mathrm{C H\_{4}} \\mathrm{N O} Comparison between electricity-only and combined electricity and heat ratios For the majority of OECD countries, the electricity-only indicator is not significantly different from the combined electricity and heat indicator, shown in previous editions of this publication and in the online database. For the OECD total in 2024, the electricity-only indicator is 2% higher, while 25 of the OECD’s 38 countries saw a difference of 10% or less. Of the 19 countries with differences of more than 5% most have large amounts of nonemitting electricity generation, giving them a small ratio to begin with (thus more prone to change). In addition, non-emitting generation is generally electricity-only, and so when the heat-only and heat CHP emissions are removed from the calculation, greater weight is attached to the non-emitting generation, with a lower level for the final indicator. 5% The countries in the OECD with larger differences are generally coal-intensive countries with large amounts of heat generation. As mentioned, in general, heat plants are more efficient than electricity-only or CHP plants; therefore, excluding heat plants from the calculation increases CO2 intensity. The same is true if we allocate a high efficiency to the heat part of CHP generation; this decreases the efficiency of the electricity part and thus increases electricity’s carbon intensity. Further, CHP and heat plants are more likely to be powered by CO2-light natural gas while electricity-only plants tend to be powered by CO2-heavy coal, making the new ratio more CO2 intensive for these countries. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \ mathrm C O O\_{2}\\mathrm{i l g h t} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \ _\_{0}\ \ \ \_h h\_{\_a}{a^{}} 29. [http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2\_Volume2/V2\_2\_Ch2\_Stationary\_Combustion.pdf](http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_2_Ch2_Stationary_Combustion.pdf) * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 49 # 6\. METHODOLOGY: OTHER FACTORS ## Correction factor for electricity trade Part of the electricity consumed in one country may have been generated in another one. Similarly, part of the electricity generated in one country can be exported to other countries. Therefore, adjustments may be done to the emission factors calculated above to account for electricity trade. Such adjustments are based on the share of electricity that is imported or exported compared to the domestic supply. The data needed to calculate such adjustment (i.e. the breakdown of electricity import by trade partner) are only available for OECD countries. This adjustment can be positive or negative, and is calculated as follows: 𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠\+ 𝐶𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑− 𝐶𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 CO2kWh𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒= − 𝐶𝑂2kWh 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 With 𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑∗ 𝐶𝑂2kWh And 𝐶𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑= ∑ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠∗ 𝐶𝑂2kWh𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟 And 𝐶𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠+ 𝐶𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑= 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠∗ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑+ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 Where - CO2kWh𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒: Adjustment of the carbon factor (in CO2/kWh) for emissions induced by the trade of electricity with partner countries. - CO2kWh𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑟: Carbon emission factor for electricity generation of the partner country. - 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 : 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑\+ 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠− 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 Note that for a given country, trade data are those reported by the country for which the factor is calculated, which in some cases can differ from those reported from trade partners. Also, since the emission factors from trading partners are used, the quality of this adjustment depends not only on the quality of the data reported by the country, but also on the quality of the data reported by the trading partners. Moreover, in some cases, country report imports from non-specified countries. In such cases, assumptions were made based on transmission grid and data reported by potential partners. This adjustment does not take into account geographically localized connections between countries. For example, Luxembourg reports trade from Germany, which is mostly related to electricity from the Vianden hydro plant; however the trade adjustment would be calculated using the nationally averaged carbon emission factor for Germany. As this case was known, the figure was set as “not available”. But other similar issue may occur. ## Correction factor for electricity T&D losses As electricity is transmitted through a grid from the generation point to the consumption point, losses can occur for different reasons-they usually represent between 5 and 15% of the energy transmitted, mainly depending on the distance of the lines. Basically, for each kWh being consumed, a higher amount had to be generated. The adjustment due to losses was calculated as follows: CO2kWh𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠= 𝐶𝑂2kWh × 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 Where INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * • CO2kWh𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠: Adjustment (in CO2/kWh) for emission induced by the losses of electricity in transmission and distribution. 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 \\mathsf{C O\_{2}k W h\_{l o s s}} (\\mathrm{i n,\ C{O}\_{2}/k W h}) 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 • 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 Where \\begin{array}{r}{f a c t o r=\\frac{L o s s e s}{T o t a l,g r i d}}\\end{array} Where o o 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 : Total transmission and distribution losses in the grid. o 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 : Total amount of electricity transiting through the country electricity grid, calculated o 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 : Total amount of electricity transiting through the country electricity grid, calculated as gross electricity generation – own use in plant + imports. Note that data quality for electricity transmission and distribution losses may be very variable across countries. Use of the adjustment indicators In order to allow more flexibility for the users depending on their reporting needs, the CO2 emission factors are presented in a disaggregated manner. Since the CO2 emission per kWh represents the emissions at the generation point, this factor can be completed by adding the transmission and distribution losses factor, and the correction for electricity trade. By adding these figures one can obtain a closer figure to the CO2 per kWh at the final user point. These factors can be applied for location-based Scope 2 emissions reporting under the GHG protocol. The factors can also be completed with the CH4 and N2O figures to obtain more complete greenhouse gas per kWh indicators. As stipulated above, these figures are to be taken with caution due to the uncertainty associated with the corresponding IPCC emission factors. The CH4 and N2O adjustment for trade and losses are not provided here due to the negligible impact compared to the uncertainty associated with the figure. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C H\_{4}} \\mathrm{N O} \\mathrm{C H\_{4}} \\mathrm{N O} Please note that for reporting Scope 3 emissions associated with the consumption of purchased electricity, the life cycle upstream and T&D emission factors are recommended. These factors are available in the IEA Emission Factors package and as an independent database, called the IEA Life Cycle Upstream Emission Factors. Direct combustion factors for individual fuels In most cases fuels are combusted directly for other purposes than electricity generation, within all sectors of final consumption. The Direct combustion factors vary according to the fuel used, and are computed as weighted average of the consumption across all final consumption sectors for a given country. These factors can be applied for reporting Scope 1 emissions associated with direct combustion of fuels under the GHG protocol and are computed as follows: 𝐸 \+ 𝐸 \+ 𝐸 D C F=\\frac{E\_{I n d u s t r y}+E\_{T r a n s p o r t}+E\_{O t h e r s}}{F C\_{I n d u s t r y}+\ F C\_{T r a n s p o r t}+\ F C\_{O t h e r s}} Where: • • DCF : Direct combustion factors for fuel combustion other than for electricity and heat generation, in mass CO2eq / kg of fuel and mass CO2eq / m3 for natural gas (the mass of CO2eq is in units of kilograms for the CO2 factors and in units of grams for the included non-CO2 factors). • 𝐸 : Total CO emissions from fuel combustion in the Industry sector plus emission in the Energy \\mathrm{{C O}\_{2e q}} \\operatorname{C O} _{\ \\mathtt{O}_{2\ mathtt}e}/\\operatorname{\\mathfrak{m}}^{3} \\mathrm{O}\_{2} \\mathrm{C O\_{2e q}} E\_{l n d u s t r y} • 𝐸𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑦: Total CO2eq emissions from fuel combustion in the Industry sector plus emission in the Energy sector except electricity and CHP plants in kg CO2eq. • 𝐸 : Total CO2eq emissions from fuel combustion in the Transport sector in kg CO2eq. \ {tt n}{\\tt n}{\\tt-}{\\tt C}}\_{2} • 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡: Total CO2eq emissions from fuel combustion in the Transport sector in kg CO2eq. • 𝐸 : Total CO emissions from fuel combustion in the Residential, Commercial and Public services, \ {mathfrak z O}\_{2e c} \\mathrm{{C O}\_{2e e}} {\\mathrm{C O}}\_{2{\\mathrm{e q}}}. • 𝐸𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡: Total CO2eq emissions from fuel combustion in the Transport sector in kg CO2eq. • 𝐸𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑠: Total CO2eq emissions from fuel combustion in the Residential, Commercial and Public services, Agriculture/Forestry, Fishing and Other non-specified sectors in kg CO2eq. • 𝐹𝐶 : Total fuel consumption in the respective sector, expressed in kg. Agriculture/Forestry, Fishing and Other non-specified sectors in kg CO2eq. • 𝐹𝐶𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: Total fuel consumption in the respective sector, expressed in kg. \\mathrm{{C O}\_{2e q}} D C F=\\frac{\\left((C{{C} _{n d a u t r y}}\\times N C{{V}_{n n a u r r y}}+\ F C\_{T r a n s p o r t}\\times N C{{V} _{T r a n s p o r t}}+F C{{C}_{o t h e r s}}\\times N{N{C C} _{o t h e r s}}\\right)\\times E{{F}_{f h u l t}}}{F{{C} _{t n n u t t y}}+F{{C}_{r r a n s p o r t}}+F{{C}\_{o n t e r s}}} Where: \\mathrm{C O\_{2e q}} * * * • 𝑁𝐶𝑉𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟: Net Calorific Value, which is product-, country-, sector- and time-specific. N V\_{S e c t o r} These emission factors are presented for individual and for some average fuels described below: • For coal: individual primary products (anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal • For coal: individual primary products (anthracite, coking coal, other bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal and lignite); as well as the weighted average coal mix; • For oil: individual secondary products (refinery gas, ethane, LPG, motor gasoline excl. biofuels, aviation • For oil: individual secondary products (refinery gas, ethane, LPG, motor gasoline excl. biofuels, aviation gasoline, gasoline type jet fuel, kerosene type jet fuel excl. biofuels, kerosene, gas/diesel oil excl. biofuels, fuel oil, naphtha, white spirit, bitumen, petroleum coke and non-specified oil products); as well as the weighted average oil product mix. • For natural gas • For natural gas When no data is reported for a fuel and year, the data is marked as X: Not applicable. Similar to the emission factors corresponding to electricity generation, the non-CO2 direct combustion emission factors are converted from gCH4 and gN2O to gCO2eq using the 100-year GWP from AR6. \\mathrm{{\ C O}\_{2}} \\mathrm{g N\_{2}O} \\mathrm{g C O\_{2e q}} * * * 7. METHODOLOGY: MONTHLY AND QUARTERLY FACTORS This section details the methodology corresponding to the development of monthly and quarterly grid emission factors based on monthly electricity data. Within the package, the quarterly update of monthly and quarterly emission factors complements the data published in the current editions of the IEA Emission Factors database. The data is included for: Ÿ countries: 52 countries (see section Geographical coverage and country notes); Ÿ years: 2015 to quarter prior to latest publication (e.g. 2025Q3 publication will cover data up to 2025Q2). The IEA Monthly Electricity Statistics exhibits monthly data on electricity generation for over 50 countries. The IEA Electricity Information includes granular product-specific yearly data corresponding to both gross and net electricity output. By merging data from these two databases, it is possible to estimate gross monthly generation data per product scaled to match the yearly statistics. On the other hand, the IEA World Energy Balances contains yearly energy balances for over 150 countries. The database includes granular fuel/technology specific input and output data to electricity generation plants. This enables estimating fuel-specific electricity generation CO2 intensities at country-level. Merging the derived intensities with the monthly scaled generation data enables developing estimates of the CO2 intensities associated with the electricity grids with monthly and quarterly resolutions. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} Once annual fuel-specific CO2 intensities corresponding to electricity generation have been calculated as described in chapter 5, the methodology to derive monthly and quarterly factors includes two further steps as detailed below. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} Scaling the monthly electricity generation data based on annual statistics This step involves scaling the monthly electricity generation data per product to match the yearly electricity statistics. N e t E l e\_{,j j,w}=\\frac{N e t E l e\_{i,y,w}}{G r o s s E l e\_{i,y,w}};x\\;r G o s s E l e\_{j,y,w}, Firstly, the yearly gross and net generation data for aggregated products are used to derive product-specific net to gross ratios. These ratios are applied to the granular gross yearly generation data to develop the product-specific annual net generation figures as per the following formula: N e t E l l\_{j,y,w} INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition) - 53 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑖,𝑦,𝑤: gross electricity generation for fuel category i and country w in year y 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑖,𝑦,𝑤: net electricity generation for fuel category i and country w in year y 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: gross electricity generation for fuel j and country w in year y _**Note: The product-specific annual net electricity generation data are available at an aggregated fuel level. Hence, the**_ _above computed gross to net ratios do not always match the granularity of gross generation included in the yearly_ _statistics. Thus, it is assumed that the ratio is consistent among the sub-products of each aggregated fuel category._ Following the above, the fuel-specific net monthly data are aggregated (accounting for fiscal year if applicable) to derive the raw annualized net generation data for the year y, as per the following: 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤= ∑ 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑚,𝑤 𝑚 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: annualized net electricity generation for fuel j and country w in year y based on monthly _data_ 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑚,𝑤: net monthly electricity generation for fuel j and country w in month m The product-specific scaling factors are computed by deriving the ratio between the above calculated annualized net electricity generation and the annual net electricity output as per the following formula: 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤 𝑆𝐹𝑗,𝑦,𝑤= 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤 𝑆𝐹𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: monthly to annual scaling factor for fuel j and country w in year y 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: net electricity generation for fuel j and country w in year y 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: annualized net electricity generation for fuel j and country w in year y based on monthly _data_ Finally, the scaling factors are multiplied by the monthly generation data to compute the scaled net monthly generation data as per the following formula: 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑗,𝑚,𝑤= 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑚,𝑤𝑥 𝑆𝐹𝑗,𝑦,𝑤 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑗,𝑚,𝑤: scaled net monthly electricity generation for fuel j and country w in month m 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑚,𝑤: net monthly electricity generation for fuel j and country w in month m INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * 𝑆𝐹𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: monthly to annual scaling factor for fuel j and country w in year y S F\_{j,y,w} Note: The yearly electricity data are available with a time lag of two years. This means that in the present year Y, the global coverage of the IEA Electricity Information database is up to year Y-2. Hence, the scaling factors corresponding to the most recent years (Y and Y-1) are assumed to be equal to the latest available year (Y-2). Note: In some cases, monthly electricity generation data may be incomplete or significantly differ from the annual statistics. In such cases, scaling is not viable and monthly data is estimated based on available yearly data. Developing monthly and quarterly grid emission factors To develop monthly and quarterly grid emission factors, the scaled net monthly generation data derived in Step 2 are converted to monthly gross generation figures. Therefore, product-specific gross to net ratios are developed and multiplied by the scaled net monthly data as per the following formula: G r o s s E l e\_{i,m,w}=\\sum\_{j}(\\frac{G r o s s E l e\_{j,y,w}}{N e t E l e\_{j,y,w}};x;N e t E l e S c a l e d\_{j,m,w}) 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑖,𝑚,𝑤: gross electricity generation for fuel category i and country w in month m 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑗,𝑦,𝑤: net electricity generation for fuel j and country w in year y 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑𝑗,𝑚,𝑤: scaled net monthly electricity generation for fuel j and country w in month m Note: The IEA monthly electricity statistics does not include gross generation. Therefore, the gross to net ratio applied in the above formula is derived based on annual data, assuming that the ratio is constant throughout the year. Following the above, monthly grid emission factors are computed as follows: C O\_{2}:i n t e n s i t y\_{m,w}\\left(\\frac{g C O\_{2}}{k W h}\\right)=\\frac{\\sum\_{i}(C O\_{2}:i n t e n s i t y\_{i,y,w}\\times G r o s s E l e\_{i,m})}{\\sum\_{i}G r o s s E l e\_{i,m,w}} 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑚,𝑤() : CO2 intensity of electricity generation for country w in month m, expressed in gCO2/kWh. 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑖,𝑦,𝑤() : CO2 intensity of electricity generation for fuel category i and country w in year y, 𝑘𝑊ℎ expressed in gCO2/kWh. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * Note: As the yearly electricity data are available with a time lag of two years, for the present year Y, the global coverage of the IEA World Energy Balances database is up to year Y-2. Hence, the yearly fuel-specific emissions intensities corresponding to the most recent years (Y and Y-1) are assumed to be equal to those of the latest available year (Y-2). This approach assumes that there are no changes in the efficiency of the generation plants, the quality (calorific value) of the fuel inputs to plants and the fuel shares in the respective aggregated product categories comparing to year Y-2. Following the development of monthly emission factors, the quarterly emission factors are derived as per the following formula: C O\_{2}:i n t e n s i t y\_{Q,w}\\left(\\frac{g C O\_{2}}{k W h}\\right)=\ frac{\\sum\_{m}(C O\_{2}:i n t e n s i t y\_{m,w}\\times:G r o s s E l e\_{m,w})}{\\sum\_{m}G r o s s E l e\_{m,w}} 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑄,𝑤() : CO2 intensity of electricity generation for country w in quarter Q expressed in gCO2/kWh. 𝑘𝑊ℎ \\begin{array}{r}{C O\_{2},i n t e n s i t y\_{Q,w}\\left(\\frac{g C O\_{2}}{k W h}\\right)\\colon O\_{2}}\\end{array} 𝑔𝐶𝑂2 𝐶𝑂2 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦𝑚,𝑤() : CO2 intensity of electricity generation for country w in month m expressed in gCO2/kWh. 𝑘𝑊ℎ C O\_{2},i n t e n s i t y\_{m,w}\\left(\\frac{g C O\_{2}}{k W h}\\right) g C O\_{2}/k W h. 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚,𝑤: total gross electricity generation for country w in month m G r o s s E l e\_{m,w} INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * **56 - EMISSION FACTORS PACKAGE: DATABASE DOCUMENTATION (2025 edition)** # 8\. METHODOLOGY: ELECTRICITY GRID EMISSION FACTORS The following two sections details the methodology corresponding to development of the total upstream and fuel- cycle emission factors corresponding to national grids as well as the life cycle adjustment factors for T&D losses and a proxy for a total emission factor. ## Total upstream and fuel-cycle grid emission factors The overall methodology for developing country-specific fuel-cycle and upstream emission factors corresponding to electricity grids, includes the following listed steps: 1. Developing country-specific fuel-cycle and upstream emission factors for all the fuels and technologies used for electricity generation globally. _Note: As it will be detailed in the following sections, depending on the fuel/technology and the source of the_ _compiled data, the factors correspond to either the generation output (mass of CO2eq/kWh electricity_ _generation) or the unit of energy inputs to the generation plant (mass of CO2eq/kWh fuel input to the generation_ _plant)._ 2. Computing the fuel-cycle emission factors corresponding to electricity grid by multiplying the fuel specific factors developed in Step 1 with the corresponding activity data for each fuel and dividing by the total electricity generation as expressed by the equation below: ∑𝑖(𝐸𝐹𝑖,𝑡 × 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖,𝑡) 𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑢𝑒𝑙−𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 _EFi,t: fuel-cycle emission factor per kWh output or unit of energy input to the plant for each fuel i in year t expressed_ _in gCO2eq/kWh_ _activity i,t: electricity output or fuel input to the plant for fuel i in year t_ _Total electricity output: total electricity generation from all fuels and technologies (kWh) in year t_ Note that the fuel-cycle emission factors are a sub-component of total upstream emission factors which are detailed below. 3. Computing the total upstream emission factors corresponding to electricity grid by multiplying the fuel/technology-specific factors derived in Step 1 with the corresponding activity data for each fuel/technology and dividing by the total electricity generation as expressed by the equation below: ∑𝑖(𝐸𝐹𝑖,𝑡 × 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖,𝑡) 𝐸𝐹𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 _EF i,t: upstream emission factor per kWh output or unit of energy input to the plant for each fuel/technology i in_ _year t expressed in gCO2eq/kWh_ _activity i,t: electricity output or fuel input to the plant for fuel or technology i in year t_ _Total electricity output t: total electricity generation from all fuels and technologies (kWh) in year t_ The factors published for the provisional year (year 2024 in this edition) are based on a simplified methodology. The available data for the latest year only include the breakdown of electricity generated by fuel, but not the fuel input to the plants. Hence, it is not possible to use the emission factors per unit of energy input to the plants which were applied in the above equations for a subset of the fuels. Considering this limitation, the assumption is that there has been no change in the efficiency of these plants and in the energy content of the input products compared to the INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY previous year. Following these assumptions, both the fuel-cycle and total upstream factors are derived as expressed by the following equation: \\begin{array}{r}{E F\_{Y}=\\frac{\\sum\_{i},(E F\_{i,y-1},\\times e l e c t r i c i t y,o u p p t, _{{i,y}})}{T o t a l,e l e c t r i c i t y,o u t p u t,y_}}\\end{array} EF y: total grid Upstream or grid fuel-cycle emission factor per kWh output in provisional year Y expressed in gCO2eq/kWh g C O\_{2e q}/k W h EF i,y-1: total upstream or fuel-cycle emission factor for each fuel/technology i per kWh output in year Y-1 expressed in gCO2eq/kWh g C\\bar{O\_{2e q}}/k W h electricity output i,y: electricity output (kWh) from each fuel or technology i in provisional year Y Total electricity output t: total electricity generation from all fuels and technologies (kWh) in provisional year Y The relative weights of the intensities corresponding to each fuel/technology in determining the overall life cycle The relative weights of the intensities corresponding to each fuel/technology in determining the overall life cycle The relative weights of the intensities corresponding to each fuel/technology in determining the overall life cycle grid emission factor is dissimilar. The statistical significance of each fuel/technology on determining the overall grid intensity, depends on the respective share in the electricity generation mix as well as the magnitude of each fuel/technology-specific emission factors. On a global level, coal and, to a lesser extent, natural gas correspond to fuel/technology-specific emission factors. On a global level, coal and, to a lesser extent, natural gas correspond to high upstream intensities and at the same time are major contributors to the global electricity mix, hence their relative weight in determining the overall global life cycle grid intensity is significant. On the other hand, the relative importance of technologies such as wave/tidal and fuels like biogas are minor. fuel/technology-specific emission factors. On a global level, coal and, to a lesser extent, natural gas correspond to high upstream intensities and at the same time are major contributors to the global electricity mix, hence their relative weight in determining the overall global life cycle grid intensity is significant. On the other hand, the relative importance of technologies such as wave/tidal and fuels like biogas are minor. The simplified schematic below provides an overview of the various components required for developing these emission factors and the corresponding source(s) used for each constituent. The source for the energy data used for the above is the IEA World Energy Balances database. The fuel/technology-specific emission intensities have been derived based on data from multiple sources as shown in the figure and detailed in the following sections. Each of the following fuel/technology specific sections is comprised of two sub-sections including fuel-cycle and total upstream emission factors. Oil and Natural gas GHG intensities 1. The IEA Global Energy and Climate Model 2. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory 3. The IEA Global Energy and Climate Model 4. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project Biodiesel, Bio gasoline and other liquid biofuels GHG intensities 1. The IEA Vehicle Fuel Economy on Major Markets working paper 2. The IEA World Energy Balances database 3. The IEA Renewables database 4. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project 5. The IEA World Energy Balances database 6. The IEA Renewables database (ICCT) white paper 4) The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project Primary solid bio fuels, Municipal waste and Industrial waste GHG intensities Report 3) The International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) white paper 4) The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1. The IEA World Energy Balances database 2. The European Biogas Association (EBA) Statistical Report 3. The International Council on Clean Transportation Biogas GHG intensities 1. The IEA World Energy Balances database 2. The European Biogas Association (EBA) Statistical Coal GHG intensities 1. TheIEA World Energy Balances database 2. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project Nuclear GHG intensities 1. TheIEA World Energy Balances database 2. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory 3. The IAEA Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) 4. The US National Renewable Energy Hydro GHG intensities 2. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project Electricity output and fuel input to electricity generation plants statistics Wind GHG intensities 1. The IEA completed harmonization of existing LCA literature 2. The RED Renewables database 3. The IPCC Special Report of Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation 4. The IEA Renewables Information database LCA literature 2) The RED Renewables database Geothermal, Solar thermal and Ocean GHG intensities 1. The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) harmonization project * * * Life cycle adjustment factor for T&D losses As electricity is transmitted through a grid from the generation plant to the final consumption point, losses can occur along the way for different reasons. The occurred T&D losses typically represent between 5 and 15% of the energy transmitted, mainly depending on the distance and quality of the lines. This means that for each unit of electricity consumed, a higher amount had to be generated. In order to account for the emission intensity induced due to the T&D losses from a life cycle perspective, the overall life cycle emission intensity of the electricity grid is multiplied by the percentage of the T&D losses occurred as detailed by the following equation. The factors include all greenhouse gases including CO2, CH4 and N2O. T&D\_{l i f e,c y c l e}=(E F\_{T o t a l,u p s t r e a m}\\not+\\!F F\_{D i r e c t}),x,L o s s,f a c t o r \\mathrm{C{}0} _{2},{\\mathrm{C}H}_{4} \\mathrm{N}{}\_{2}\\mathrm{O} T&D Life cycle: emission intensities associated with the transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid developed from a life cycle perspective expressed in gCO2eq/kWh. T&!{}\ D{}\_{{mathit{L i f e c c l e}}}. g C O\_{2e q}/k W h EF Total upstream: total upstream emissions intensity associated with the national electricity grid expressed in gCO2eq/kWh g C O\_{2e q}/k W h EF Direct: direct emissions intensity associated with the national electricity grid expressed in gCO2eq/kWh. This is the total emissions at the point of generation from fossil fuels consumed for electricity generation, divided by output of electricity generated from all fossil and non-fossil sources. \ E{boldsymbol{F}}\_{\\mathit{D i r e c t}}. g C O\_{2e q}/k W h Lmathit{o o s s\ f f a c t o r}=\\frac{T\ D\ l o s s e s}{G r i d\ e l e c t r i c i t y\ t t h o o u g h p u t} Where: o 𝑇&𝐷 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 : total transmission and distribution losses in the grid. o 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 : total amount of electricity flowing o 𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑢𝑡 : total amount of electricity flowing through the national electricity grid, computed as gross electricity generation – own use of electricity in generation plants + imports. Note that these adjustment factors are not included in the above detailed total upstream and fuel-cycle emission factors and can be added to the above to derive a closer intensity figure at the final consumption point. The data quality for electricity transmission and distribution losses may be very variable across countries. E F\_{T o t a l}=E F\_{T o t a l,u p s t r r a m}\\neq\ 00\_{4}k W hbar\ +\\mathrm{N\_{2}},{\\tt K N N}+\\mathrm{C H4},{\\tt K W}}\ {\\qquad E F\_{T o t a l} 𝐸𝐹𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙: Total greenhouse emissions per kwh of activity or electricity generated expressed in gCO2eq/kWh. CO2kWh: Carbon factors calculated at the generation point for electricity only expressed in gCO2eq/kWh g C O\_{2e q}/k W h EF Total upstream: total upstream emissions intensity associated with the national electricity grid expressed in gCO2eq/kWh g C O\_{2e q}/k W h, INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * CH4kWh: Methane factors calculated at the generation point for electricity only expressed in gCO2eq/kWh, subject to data availability g C O\_{2e q}/k W h T&D Life cycle: emission intensities associated with the transmission and distribution losses of electricity in the grid developed from a life cycle perspective expressed in gCO2eq/kWh, subject to data availability 𝐶𝑂2𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒: Adjustment of the carbon factor (in CO2/kWh) for indirect emissions induced by electricity trade between countries (for OECD countries) in gCO2eq/kWh g mathrm C C O\_{2e q}/k L C O\_{2}k W h\_{t r a d e} C O\_{2}/k W h) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY * * * 9. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS General conversion factors for energy | To: | TJ | Gcal | Mtoe | MBtu | GWh | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | From: | multiply by: | | | | | | terajoule(TJ) | 1 | 2.388x102 | 2.388x10-5 | 9.478x102 | 2.778x10-1 | | gigacalorie(Gcal) | 4.187x10-3 | 1 | 1.000x10-7 | 3.968 | 1.163x10-3 | | million tonnes of oil equivalent(Mtoe) | 4.187x104 | 1.000x107 | 1 | 3.968x107 | 1.163x104 | | million British thermal units(MBtu) | 1.055x10-3 | 2.520x10-1 | 2.520x10-8 | 1 | 2.931x10-4 | | gigawatt hour(GWh) | 3.600 | 8.598x102 | 8.598x10-5 | 3.412x103 | 1 | \ 7\\bot 2.388{\\mathsf x}10^{2} 9.478\\times10^{2} 2.388\\times10^{-5} 4.187\\times10^{-3} 2.778\\times10^{-1} 1.000\\times10^{-7} 1.163\\times10^{-3} 4.187\\times10^{4} 1.000\\times10^{7} 3.968\\times10^{7} 1.055\\times10^{-3} 2.520\\times10^{-1} 2.520\\times10^{-8} 2.931\\times10^{-4} 8.598\\times10^{2} 8.598\\times10^{-5} 3.412\\times10^{3} Conversion factors for mass | To: | kg | t | lt | st | lb | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | From: | multiply by: | | | | | | kilogramme(kg) | 1 | 1.000x10-3 | 9.842x10-4 | 1.102x10-3 | 2.205 | | tonne(t) | 1.000x103 | 1 | 9.842x10-1 | 1.102 | 2.205x103 | | long ton(lt) | 1.016x103 | 1.016 | 1 | 1.120 | 2.240x103 | | short ton(st) | 9.072x102 | 9.072x10-1 | 8.929x10-1 | 1 | 2.000x103 | | pound(lb) | 4.536x10-1 | 4.536x10-4 | 4.464x10-4 | 5.000x10-4 | 1 | \ mathbf{s t} 1.102\\times10^{-3} 9.842\\times10^{-4} 1.000\\times10^{-3} 1.000\\times10^{3} 9.842{!!\\times\ }10^{-1} 2.205\\times10^{3} 2.240\\times10^{3} 1.016\\times10^{3} 9.072\\times10^{2} 9.072\\times10^{-1} 8.929\\times10^{-1} 2.000\\times10^{3} 4.536\\times10^{-1} 4.464\\times10^{-4} 4.536\\times10^{-4} 5.000\\times10^{-4} Conversion factors for volume | To: | gal U.S. | gal U.K. | bbl | ft3 | l | m3 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | From: | multiply by: | | | | | | | U.S. gallon (gal U.S.) | 1 | 8.327x10-1 | 2.381x10-2 | 1.337x10-1 | 3.785 | 3.785x10-3 | | U.K. gallon (gal U.K.) | 1.201 | 1 | 2.859x10-2 | 1.605x10-1 | 4.546 | 4.546x10-3 | | barrel(bbl) | 4.200x101 | 3.497x101 | 1 | 5.615 | 1.590x102 | 1.590x10-1 | | cubic foot(ft3) | 7.481 | 6.229 | 1.781x10-1 | 1 | 2.832x101 | 2.832x10-2 | | litre(l) | 2.642x10-1 | 2.200x10-1 | 6.290x10-3 | 3.531x10-2 | 1 | 1.000x10-3 | | cubic metre(m3) | 2.642x102 | 2.200x102 | 6.290 | 3.531x101 | 1.000x103 | 1 | \ \ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \\\ \ \ \ ^33 8.327\\times10^{-1} 2.381\\times10^{-2} \\frac{1.337\\times10^{-1}}{2} \\frac{3.785\\times10^{-3}}{2} 2.859\\times10^{-2} 4.546\\times10^{-3} 3.497\\times10^{1} 1.605\\times10^{-1} 4.200\\times10^{1} 1.590\\times10^{-1} 1.781!\\times!10^{-1} 2.832{!!\\times\ }10^{-2} 2.642\\times10^{-1} 2.200\\times10^{-1} 6.290\\times10^{-3} 2.642\\times10^{2} 3.531\\times10^{1} * * * Decimal prefixes | $10^{1}$ | deca(da) | | --- | --- | | $10^{2}$ | hecto(h) | | $10^{3}$ | kilo(k) | | $10^{6}$ | mega(M) | | $10^{9}$ | giga(G) | | $10^{12}$ | tera(T) | | $10^{15}$ | peta(P) | | $10^{18}$ | exa(E) | | $10^{-1}$ | deci(d) | | --- | --- | | $10^{-2}$ | centi(c) | | $10^{-3}$ | milli(m) | | $10^{-6}$ | micro(μ) | | $10^{-9}$ | nano(n) | | $10^{-12}$ | pico(p) | | $10^{-15}$ | femto(f) | | $10^{-18}$ | atto(a) | 10^{1} 10^{-1} 10^{-2} 10^{2} 10^{3} 10^{-3} 10^{-6} 10^{6} 10^{-9} 10^{9} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} 10^{12} 10^{-12} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}}} \ \\mathrm\\mathrm{C O\_{2},} 10^{15} Tonne of CO2 10^{-15} 10^{-18} 10^{18} The 2006 GLs and the UNFCCC Reporting Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2 emissions and removals be reported in Gg (gigagrammes) of CO2. A million tonnes of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the numbers in this publication with national inventories expressed in Gg, multiply the IEA emissions by 1 000. \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} Other organisations may present CO2 emissions in tonnes of carbon instead of tonnes of CO2. To convert from tonnes of carbon, multiply by 44/12, which is the molecular weight ratio of CO2 to C. \\mathrm{C{\_{{2}}}} \\mathrm{C O\_{2}} \\mathrm{C..} * * * 10. ABBREVIATIONS | $CO\_{2}$ | carbon dioxide | | --- | --- | | Btu | British thermal unit | | BKB | Brown coal briquettes (braunkohlebr) | | Gg | gigagramme | | GJ | gigajoule | | GWh | gigawatt hour | | J | joule | | kcal | kilocalorie | | kg | kilogramme | | kt | thousand tonnes | | ktoe | thousand tonnes of oil equivalent | | kWh | kilowatt hour | | MJ | megajoule | | Mt | million tonnes | | Mtoe | million tonnes of oil equivalent | | MtCO\_{2}$ | million tonnes of carbon dioxide | | m^{3}$ | cubic metre | | PJ | petajoule | | t | metric ton=tonne=1000kg | | tC | tonne of carbon | | TJ | terajoule | | toe | tonne of oil equivalent=10^{7}kcal | | CC | carbon content | | CEF | carbon emission factor | | COF | carbon oxidation factor | | CHP | combined heat and power | | GCV | gross calorific value | | GDP | gross domestic product | | GWP | global warming potential | | NCV | net calorific value | | TES | total energy supply | | Convention | United Nations Framework Convention | | COP | Conference of the Parties to the Conven | | G20 | Group of Twenty(See the section Ge | | IEA | International Energy Agency | | IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate | | OECD | Organisation for Economic Co-Opera | | UN | United Nations | | UNFCCC | United Nations Framework Convention | | .. | not available | | x | not applicable | | c | confidential | | Action on Climate Change | | --- | | Attention | | (geographical coverage and country notes) | | Change | | Attention and Development | | Action on Climate Change | INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY