## Context conducted jointly by LAMATA, researchers atthe

World Bank, the University of California, Today, 5 5 % of the world’s p Bo ep rukl ea tl ei oy n,al inv desC ion l u mbia University. cities, a share expected to reach 7 0 % by 2 0 5 0. To keep up with this growth a n Td heex tpeaanmd au cs ce ed s ms tuol t i p le methods for this research. They applied quasi-experimental opportunities, developing countries are investing approaches to track paratransitactivity and heavily in mass transitsystems. Understanding analyzed changes in traffic congestion and public how these investments im pactcommuters and bus usage using GPS data,bus swipe card data,a reshape existing paratransit networks is key to paratransitcensus,and surveys of drivers and ensuring future accessibility for a l l. commuters.They also conducted an experiment _**Ambitious mobility plans for Lt oaguons d**_ erstand commuter preferences.

**Lagos, Sub-Saharan Africa’s largestcity with 2 2** **million inhabitants,is known for its persistent** **traffic congestion challenge, where an average** **commute takes about four hours a day, and most** **of the vehicles on the road are over 1 5 years old.**

To address the challenges in its public transit system, the Lagos State government,through the Lagos Metropolitan Transport Authority (LAMATA),launched the Bus Reform Initiative (BRI)to establish a more efficient and comfortable public bus system — the firststep towards a multim odaltransportsystem for Lagos. Between 2 0 1 9 and 2 0 2 2, the initiative introduced 8 2 0 modern buses on 6 4 new routes, replacing smaller paratrans i tI mmipn ai bcutsseso. fT thhe en **B** ewR **I** buses offer amenities such as air conditioning and _**The new system is a netbenefitfor commuters**_ have better emissions standards.

_**A joint research program to u Tn hd ee rrset sa en ad r ct hh e ei rs t i m**_ ates thatthe new system _**impacts**_ generated $1.8 4 million in monthly value for commuters.This estimate is based on a model of The research described in t hhi so wbr iceof ma imm ue tdertsochoose transportation modes assess the im pactof the Busc oR ne sf iod remr i nI ng i tpi ar itci ve e,time, and amenities like and collect data on mobilityci nomLafaognrodstsa. f IetBt wyy. ai nscorporating usage data

* * *

Commuters benefitfrom
safety with the new pTuhbel i c
team’s surveys find that m
value the new public tran
trip safety. Women in pa r t i c Cu
concerns in existingdamn,ifnwo isbi tuhs e
4 2 % reporting verba. lsexu

The system even helped
use it: 2 8 % of the total co
the new infrastructure ca
competitive response itt r i g ag m
sec .t oA rf t e r it oped na en ddf or, imvea rns y
shifted to other routes,in
lowering fares, which ben
highlights the broader im
investments that might b
focuses only on t.h e public

The system generated an
of $1.1 7–$1,.b3 a3s emd i lol i none-tick
from 5 1 BRI routes operatin
November 2 0 2 2 and Ma r c h ( U2 n0 i v2 e3r s¹i.t y

eT lh reevb ee an les fti ht -et ot -o ct oa sl t ratio
t ht he e nr eefworseyse tset mimaa. ctTerhod es ass te1a .r4e – s1h. 5o 7
e tde. r m benefits observed w
and likely underestimate th
improved comfort and

¹ Thiscalculation excludesfirst
and routes with fewerthan 5 o
during this period.

Imn pbdaearnni sefdoof rinsti v,s ef rr so h e lo
uc toemr mav
ef rwosyst ht ee m : they faced in
en m
illion
t r i g ag meroe ud n itni ntghet o p $r i1v .a1 t em
the sector,roughly 6 0 % o
c r ec ao smi nmgus teerrvs i.c e and
fited many riders.This

tTr ha ensni etws y ssyt setme m.
n and women

But managing paratran
alharassment
mobility
mmuters who didn’t

e that
s i t To hpet i toena mcon sc tei mr n ai nt eg s
a r t i c Cu Ol a r2f ea mc ei sssai of en tsy b y 9 .% on
o isbi tuhs es,called

oo wf ev aratransitis still
a cHt pu eb rl i, cp
ts fo
o ov led r lfol eodekatenodfsofti sifl la an cacl yo su i ns
m s ot et om r i z e d journeys in La
sy

\[Image: X24\]
\[Image: X8\]

\[Image: X24\]
\[Image: X8\]

sPt ri omj eacttet de a fma
-ticketing
The prin

\[Image: X24\]
\[Image: X8\]

The principal investigatorsfor th
rating between
Duhaut and Geetika Nagpal,to
a r c h ( U2 n0 i v2 e3r s¹i.t yof California, Berkeley)
(Columbia University).The Bus
dt lha es tr ems iel earac nh d p Ba Rr tTner orui nt eL sa, g os. N
e r a St ieognuanl Adad ye sb ai nm ai j mi aor netph r oviding field

\[Image: X22\]
\[Image: X8\]

The ieConnect for Impactprogram is a collaboration be
and the Transport Global Practice. This program is part
trust fund and is funded with UK International Develop
Union (EU). For more information about thei eiCe oC no nn encet c Wotrf eo br
conti ae cc to [nnect@w.orldbank.org](mailto:nnect@w.orldbank.org)
\[Image: X24\]