# Extracted text from rivers_state_msw_composition_port_harcourt.pdf

ISSN: xxxx-xxxx Vol. 1 (1),
Global Journal of Environmental pp. 065-072, December, 2013. ©
Global Science Research Journals
Science and Technology
Full Length Research Paper
Comparative analysis of municipal solid waste (MSW)
composition in three local government areas in
Rivers State, Nigeria
1,2 1 1 1 1
Babatunde B. B. *, Vincent-Akpu I. F. , Woke G. N. , Atarhinyo E. , Aharanwa U. C. , Green
3 1
A. F. , Isaac-Joe O.
1
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Port Harcourt, PMB 5323, Choba,
Port Harcourt, Rivers State.
2
Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK, LA1 4YQ
3
Department of Applied and Environmental Biology, Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu, Port
Harcourt, Rivers State.
Accepted 5 October, 2013
Rivers State is one of the major oil producing States in Nigeria. Its capital, Port Harcourt and sub-urban
areas have witnessed an increased influx of migrants in recent time. Consequently, the consumption of
goods and services has also increased leading to generation of unprecedented quantities of municipal
solid waste. Previous efforts by relevant authorities to contain this increase in waste generation have
proved abortive due largely to among other reasons, inappropriate and unsustainable municipal solid
waste (MSW) management systems. The first step in a sustainable MSW management is to understand
the types, composition and variation that exist in the waste generated in time and space. Previous
reports have been concentrated on the characteristics of waste in Port Harcourt. This present work
evaluated solid waste composition in three LGAs in Rivers State with a view of an integrated approach
in MSW management in the State. Waste characteristics varied with the different locations studied.
Generation rate was 0.45, 0.98 and 1.16 kg/capita/day for Emougha, Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt,
respectively. Most prominent categories were organic waste, paper and nylon. Mean percentage
composition was 65, 65.5 and 59% for organic waste, 13, 11 and 6% for paper and 12, 16 and 14% for
nylon in Port Harcourt, Obio/Akpor and Emougha LGAs, respectively. It is believed that given the
characteristics of these waste streams, a sustainable management strategy could have several benefits
including resources recovery and energy generation.
Key words: Municipal solid waste (MSW), characterization, Rivers State, integrated MSW management.
INTRODUCTION
Solid waste management has emerged as one of the resources are usually meagre and more priority issues like
greatest challenges facing municipal authorities world health and education beat municipal solid waste
wide especially in developing countries. The volume of management (MSWM) to the top of the list. The con-
solid waste been generated has continually increased at sequence is ill conceived and operated epileptic MSWM
faster rate than resources available to contain it. In deve- systems that leave monuments of solid waste adorning the
loping nations, the situation is more critical since their streets of urban centres in countries like Nigeria posing
*Corresponding author. E-mail: bolaji.babatunde@uniport.edu.ng

Babatunde et al. 066
serious risk to both human and environmental health. earnings and has a population of 5,198,716 people (NPC,
Municipal solid waste (MSW) includes refuse from 2006). Port Harcourt, the state capital is the major urban
households, non-hazardous solid waste from industrial, centre and has witnessed high influx of migrants as a result
commercial and institutional establishments (including of its rapid urbanization. This has no doubt increa-sed the
hospitals), market waste, yard waste and street sweepings. consumption patterns and consequently waste generation
MSWM refers to the collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, and more pressure on the municipal autho-rities responsible
resources recovery and disposal of solid waste in urban for solid waste management. Despite efforts made by the
areas. The goals of municipal solid waste management are State Sanitation Board, refuse still adorn the streets of Port
to promote the quality of the urban environment, generate Harcourt and other sub-urban areas in the state and in some
employment and income, and protect human and cases blocking drainages, roads and channels causing
environmental health and support the efficiency and flooding posing danger to public health (Ayotamuno and
productivity of the economy (Ogwueleka, 2009). Igoni et al. Gobo, 2004; Igoni et al., 2007). According to Ayotamuno
(2007) defined MSW as all waste collected by private and and Gobo (2004), Port
public authorities from domestic, commercial and some H arcourt has lost its glorious name of “Garden City” to
industrial (non-hazardous) sources. Urban solid waste is a Garbage City. Gobo (2002) observed that solid waste
heterogeneous material and its generation rate and management system options that have been carried out
composition vary from place to place and from season to without success to solve the problem of refuse disposal
season (World Resources Institute, 1996; Gidarakos et al., in Port Harcourt over the years include incineration,
2006). The composition and volumes differ between high compo-sting, transfer stations and landfilling. Solid waste
and low-income locations (UNEP, 2002). According to collec-tion is done by private contractors who pick up
Ogwueleka (2009), solid waste is wetter, heavier and more waste with trucks from usually overflowing containers
corrosive in developing nations, making its management stationed for residence on the street sides and disposal is
m ore difficult. at design-nated open dump sites in the state where
The poor state of solid waste management in urban burying, bur-ning and scavenging take place. There are
centres of developing countries is now not only an envi- open dumps right in the middle of the urban centres
ronmental problem but also a social handicap where burning, burying and scavenging usually take
(Daskalopoulos et al., 1998). Solid waste management in place as well. Ano-ther set of collectors comprise the cart
Nigeria is characterized by inefficient collection methods, pushers who collect from residence and dispose to the
insufficient coverage of the collection system and impro- n earest open dump by the road side.
per disposal despite huge budgets that are committed to The first step towards a sustainable solid waste mana-
MSWM. Local authorities in developing countries spend gement is to gain understanding of the nature and com-
77-95% of their revenue on collection and balance on position of the waste being generated in time and space.
disposal but can only achieve 50-70% collection of MSW This information is necessary for planning, designing and
( Ogwueleka, 2003). establishing appropriate and more sustainable collection,
The quantity and generation rate of solid waste in transportation and final disposal strategies for the waste.
Nigeria have increased at an alarming rate over the years Ogunbiyi (2001) reported that the composition of solid
without corresponding efficient and modern technology refuse vary from location to location, from household to
for managing the waste (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009). household and even in the same household, it could vary
The indiscriminate and improper dumping of MSW in from week to week, hence solutions should be location
developing countries is increasing and is compounded by specific. Per capita generation of solid waste in Port Har-
a cycle of poverty, population explosion, decreased court has been reported to range from 0.66-1.25
standards of living and poor governance and low level of kg/cap/day and the characteristics of the waste comprise
environmental awareness. Hence, waste generated is organic matter, plastics, metal, nylon, glass and others
illegally disposed of onto any available open space hence (Ibiebele, 1986; Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004; Igoni et al.,
the term “Open Dump Site”. Solid waste in Nigeria poses 2007; Abah and Ohimain, 2010). But there has been no
many problems including blockage of drainage and chan- attempt to compare the waste stream of Port Harcourt
nels causing flooding and presenting breeding grounds metropolis with its sub-urban environs for an integrated
for mosquitoes and other vectors and pathogens (Igoni et catchment management. This paper aimed to present the
al., 2007). According to Ogwueleka (2009), more than 25 characteristics of MSW been generated in three local
million tonnes of solid waste is generated in Nigeria government areas of Rivers State, Nigeria differing in
annually with average rate of generation ranging from socioeconomic activities for an integrated MSWM
0.44 kg/cap/day in rural areas to 0.66 kg/cap/d in in urban scheme. The major consideration was solid waste
a reas. composition at open dump sites. The categories
Rivers state where the present study was undertaken is compared between the three LGA’s during the study
home to the country’s wealth, usually referred to as the were organics, paper, plas-tics, metal, nylon and a
treasure base of the nation. It produces crude oil that category referred to as others comprising wood, diapers,
accounts for 90% of the country’s foreign exchange sanitary pads and unidentified materials.

Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Technol 067
Figure 1. Map of Nigeria showing Rivers State.
MATERIALS AND METHODS unidentified waste types. Each category was weighed and its
percentage composition determined. Statistical quantities such as
Rivers State where this study was carried out is a maritime state in the mean, standard deviation and standard error were used to
t he southern geopolitical zone of Nigeria (Figure 1) located on summarise the findings in this study. Standard deviation showed
4°45′0″ and 4.75 N and 6°50′0″ and 6°83′3″ E. It has a total popu- variation in the values of variables from the mean and standard
lation of 5,198,716 (NPC, 2006) comprising 23 local government error of the mean (SEM) represents the spread that the mean of a
areas with Port Harcourt, the state capital as one of the Local sample of values will have if one keeps taking samples.
Government Areas (LGA) (Figure 2). Port Harcourt LGA shares
boundary and commerce with the two other LGAs surveyed for solid
waste characteristics in this study. The settlements in the three RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
LGAs were chosen according to the category of inhabitants and
socioeconomic activities. Port Harcourt LGA is the main urban
The composition of municipal solid waste in the three
centre in Rivers State but houses some shanties as well.
LGAs studied with mean ± standard error is presented in
Obio/Akpor is presumably the richest LGA in Rivers State and
houses most of the multinationals. Emuoha LGA is made up of sub- Tables 2 to 4 and the weighted mean composition is pre-
urban and rural settlements. Detail characteristics of the settle- sented in Figure 3. Organic waste composition ranged
ments studied under the three LGAs in this study is presented in from 52.08-63.2% in Emuoha LGA, 63.5-66% in
Table 1. Obio/Akpor and 63-69% in Port Harcourt LGA. Figure 3
shows a comparative result of the percentage mean and
Sampling and data collection SEM of waste composition in the three LGAs studied in
Rivers State. Organic waste was the highest category in
The determination of the composition of unprocessed municipal the three LGAs with the least mean value occurring in
solid waste during this study was done according to ASTM D5231 - Emuoha LGA which is a rural area. Paper was highest in
92(2008) Standard Test Method which involves the direct sampling
Port Harcourt LGA followed by Obio/Akpor and least at
of solid waste from specific sources, a labour-intensive manual
Emuoha LGA. Nylon was second highest category overall
process of sorting, classifying and weighing all items in each
sampling unit and a detailed recording of the data. In each LGA, but recorded the highest mean composition in Obio/Akpor
five distinct communities were selected and five open dumps in LGA. Metal was highest in Emuoha LGA. Per capital
each community surveyed. Composite solid waste samples were generation was 0.45, 0.98 and 1.16 kg/cap/day for
taken from each dump, mixed and weighed as total weight then
Emuoha, Obio/Akpor and Port Harcourt, respectively.
placed on a 1 square meter polyethylene material before sorting.
Ayotamuno and Gobo (2004) reported 1.25 kg/cap/day
The refuse was sorted into seven categories namely; organics,
paper, plastic, metal, glass, nylon and others which comprise
for Port Harcourt while Igoni et al. (2007) reported 1.11

Babatunde et al. 068
Figure 2. Rivers State showing all the LGAs with the study sites in red circles.
Table 1. The three LGAs studied and characteristics of their settlements.
LGA Area (sq.km) Population Settlement Settlement type
Port Harcourt 109 541,115 Main township Planned
Dioub NP
Elekahia/Woji Semi-planned
GRA/aba express way Planed
Trans Amadi Industrial layout
Obio/Akpor 260 464,789 Rumuokoro NP
Eneka Industrial layout
Rumuigbo NP residential
Wimpey NP residential
Rumuodara NP residential
Emuoha 831 201,901 Rumuohia NP rural area
Isiodu NP indutrial and residential
Oduaha NP rural area
Mgbutainwo NP rural area
Rumuji NP rural area
*NP = Not planned. Source: NPC (2012).

Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Technol 069
Table 2: Percentage Composition of Waste categories from five different locations in
Port Harcourt LGA.
Category Elekahia GRA Trans Amadi Diobu Main township
Organic 65.0±5.5 63.0±.5.1 60±.8.0 69.0±.9.2 66.0±4.9
Paper 14±5.2 16.5±2.3 15.0±3.2 5.6±0.8 13.0±4.1
Plastics 3.3±0.5 4.0±1.2 4.8±1.2 2.2±0.2 3.0±1.4
Metals 1.6±0.1 0.5±0.0 4.0±1.1 1.5±0.1 2.0±0.3
Glass 1.1±0.1 2.5±0.6 2.5±0.3 0.2±0.0 1.0±0.1
Nylon 13.0±2.3 10.5±2.3 10.7±2.8 14.7±4.2 12.0±3.2
Others 2.0±0.5 3.0±0.6 3.0±1.0 6.8±2.2 3.0±0.9
Table 3. Percentage Composition of Waste categories from five different
locations in Obio/Akpor LGA.
Category Rumuokoro Rumuodara Eneka Wimpey Rumuigbo
Organic 65.8±3.6 63.3±5.8 64.0±4.4 66.0±8.5 66.0±6.9
Paper 12.5±3.1 13.0±2.7 9.3±2.1 10.0±2.8 9.5±2.5
Plastics 1.5±0.1 2.0±0.1 4.0±0.5 2.0±0.5 3.4±1.9
Metals 1.5±0.1 1.2±0.1 2.0±0.1 1.5±0.1 1.3±0.1
Glass 0.2±0.0 0.5±0.0 2.3±0.2 1.5±0.1 0.6±0.0
Nylon 16.3±2.6 17.0±2.4 15.2±3.1 16.0±4.2 16.0±2.1
Others 3.0±0.7 3.1±0.5 3.2±1.0 3.0±0.8 3.2±0.4
Table 4. Percentage composition of waste categories from five different
locations in Emuogha LGA.
Category Rumuohia Isiodu Oduaha Mgbutainwo Rumuji
organic 63.2±4.5 59.2±6.2 62.0±5.5 59.0±6.3 52.1±8.2
Paper 5.5±0.9 4.3±1.2 4.0±1.1 5.5±0.5 10.4±1.2
Plastic 3.3±0.5 2.4±1.1 5.3±1.5 3.5±1.2 8.3±2.5
Metal 2.6±0.6 15.0±3.1 8.1±3.1 4.2±0.2 4.3±1.1
Glass 3.4±1.1 2.2±0.2 1.2±0.1 2.5±0.2 6.3±1.0
Nylon 15.9±2.8 9.9±2.2 11.2±2.2 18.5±2.2 16.1±2.5
Others 6.1±1.0 7.0±1.8 8.1±2.1 6.8±0.3 2.5±0.2
for Port Harcourt. In 1983, Ibiebele reported 0.19 and 0.22 2.1 kg/cap/day respectively (Chandrappa and Das, 2012;
kg/cap/day in 1984 for the same city. Ogwueleka (2009) has USEPA, 2008). Earlier in 1990, USA recorded up to 4.5
reported similar per capita production of municipal solid kg/cap/day before it decreased to 2.1 kg/cap/day
waste obtained in this study in other cities in Nigeria. The ( Chandrappa and Das, 2012).
results of per capital production obtained in the present The high percentage of organic waste may be attribu-ted
study also agrees with that reported else-where in other to the consumption of unprocessed food as compared to
parts of the world with similar demogra-phic characteristics processed food consumed in more developed coun-tries
as Nigeria, such as India, Bandgladesh and China where per (Oyelola and Babatunde, 2008). World Bank (1999) reported
capita production was reported to be 0.46, 0.49 and 0.79 that generally, low and middle income countries have a high
kg/cap/day, respectively (Chandrappa and Das, 2012). percentage of combustible organic matter in the urban
Compilation and comparison of solid waste generation in waste stream, ranging from 40-85%. Igoni et al. (2007)
large cities of various countries showed that waste is reported 69.3% of organic content in MSW in Port Harcourt
generated at an average rate of 0.4-0.6 kg/cap/day in low and opined that the energy content of refuse generated in
income countries, as compared to 1.1-5.0 kg/cap/day in high Port Harcourt gave 1.733 kcal/g which is sufficient for
income countries (Chandrappa and Das, 2012). In Japan biochemical conversion to yield gas and heat for electricity.
and the USA, per capita muni-cipal solid waste production This high percentage of organic content in the waste stream
was reported to be 1.47 and in Port Harcourt and its suburbs

Babatunde et al. 070
Figure 3. Mean percentage values with SEM of waste composition in the three LGA.
can be harnessed for energy generation. It is estimated ( Chandrappa and Das, 2012; USEPA, 2008).
that 100 tonnes of municipal refuse with 50-60% organic Port Harcourt LGA recorded the highest organic waste
content can generate 1-1.5 Mega Watt of power depen- composition at Diobu, a large suburb in Port Harcourt
ding on the characteristics of the waste (NEED, 2011). dominated by low income earners and lower organic
Apart from Port Harcourt LGA where paper was the waste composition was recorded at Trans Amadi and
second dominant category (5.6-16.5%), nylon was the GRA which are industrial layout and high income areas,
second most prominent category in the waste of the other respectively. Paper recorded the highest composition at
LGAs studied. This was due largely to the presence of the GRA location, followed by Trans Amadi and least at
nylon sachets used in packaging low cost drinking water Diobu. There are more offices at GRA and Trans Amadi
popularly referred to as “Pure Water” and sold every- than at Diobu, however there are several small and
w here especially in the suburbs. Paper’s prominence in medium scale printing press industries at Diobu, so one
Port Harcourt could be attributed to the presence of more would have expected high paper composition in the
offices and other paper utilizing outlets. Paper waste is stream of that area. The low paper composition at Diobu
reuseable and recyclable and if adhered to can reduce could therefore be indicative of high paper reuse or
solid waste significantly in the municipality. According to recycle by operators of the printing press industries. Plas-
NEED (2011), one ton of paper recycled from used tic, metal and glass recorded the highest composition at
papers instead of fresh fibres from wood saves 7,000 Trans Amadi, this is expected since it is an industrial
gallons of water, 17-31 trees, 4,000 kWh electricity and layout. Nylon and the category others recorded the hig-
60 lbs of air pollutants. Metal recorded the highest mean hest composition at Diobu for reasons of its low income
composition of 7% at Isiodu in Emuoha LGA, this must status. Similar waste composition and distribution has
have been due to the presence of a ship building yard at been reported by other authors for Port Harcourt city and
this location. Metals can also be reused or recycled for other cities in Nigeria (Ayotamuno and Gobo, 2004; Igoni
value added and the safety of the environment. Similar e t al., 2007; Ogwueleka, 2009).
waste characteristics dominated by organics have been In Obio/Akpor LGA, organic waste recorded the highest
reported for countries with similar economic and demo- composition at Wimpey and Rumuigbo with 66% each
graphic characteristics with Nigeria such as India, and the least at Rumudara. These settlements are lower
Bangladesh and Ghana (Akinwonmi et al., 2012; income places than Rumuokoro, Eneka and Rumudara.
Chandrappa and Das, 2012). Whereas in the North such Paper recorded the highest and least composition at
as in the USA, Germany and Japan, the waste stream s Rumuokoro and Eneka which is more of an industrial
are usually dominated by paper, plastics and glass layout. Plastic, metals, glass and the category others re-

Glob. J. Environ. Sci. Technol 071
recorded the highest at Eneka. Nylon recorded the hig- to the waste problem should be specific to each location,
hest composition at Rumudara followed by Rumuokoro an opinion shared by Igoni et al. (2007). Existing efforts
for reasons stated earlier in this report and Eneka recor- by municipal authorities to manage solid waste in Port
ded the least nylon composition. In Emougha LGA, Harcourt city may have been insufficient due to lack of
organic waste composition was highest at Rumuohia, comprehensive data on waste characteristics for Port
followed by and Rumuji where the least composition of Harcourt and its environs. The importance of understan-
organic waste was recorded. Rumuohia experiences the ding the waste streams of Port Harcourt environs cannot
highest commercial activities among the five study loca- be overemphasized as these rural and sub-urban areas
tions in Emougha LGA. Paper, plastic and glass recorded are connected to the Port Harcourt main city, thus, waste
the highest composition at Rumuji. Rumuji is a com- generated here and not properly managed will end up in
munity close to the University of Port Harcourt and the streets of Port Harcourt in time. This will naturally
houses students in the residence. Metal recorded the punch a hole in the solid waste management strategy put
highest composition at a statistically significant level (P < in place in the main town. It is believed that the results
0.05) at Isiodu due largely to the presence of a ship obtained during this study will aid the municipal autho-
b uilding company in that location. rities in taking a holistic and more sustainable step in an
The waste stream of these LGAs as observed in the attempt to solve the municipal solid waste problem in
present study show characteristics with high potentials for Port Harcourt and its environs. The benefits are many
possible resource recovery and utilization and if properly inclu-ding a clean and health environment, energy
harnessed, the data presented here can be utilised for a recovery and possibilities of energy generation for
more sustainable MSWM. The results showed that the economic reasons.
municipal solid wastes generated at the study locations were
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