# Extracted text from uyo_brewery_effluent_2020.pdf

International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
Vol 6. No. 1 2020 www.iiardpub.org
Assessment of Brewery Effluents Quality Discharged into
Treatment Ponds in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Akankali J. A.
Department of Fisheries,
University of Port-Harcourt,
Rivers State, Nigeria
justin.akankali@uniport.edu.ng
Ambrose Idongesit S. & Wesley Braide
Federal University of Technology,
Owerri, Imo state, Nigeria
Abstract
The brewery effluent discharged with the sole aim of undergoing natural treatment was
assessed seasonally for its quality using APHA standard method for the analysis of the water
samples. The results obtained were compared with the Federal Ministry of Environment
(FMENV) limits and were found to be significantly higher than the FMENV limits.
Significant seasonal variations were recorded between the wet and dry seasons for the
analysed parameters in the effluents. A consistently high level of the parameters was
recorded across the two seasons (wet/dry). The generally significantly higher results
obtained from this research compared with the FMENV limits; portends hazards to human
health as the water from this treatment pond eventually gets discharged into the natural
water bodies, thereby polluting surface and ground water sources used for arable and
aquaculture/ capture fisheries for food purposes. These contaminants adversely impacts
humans when they get into the food chain through bio-accumulation and bio-magnification
processes. Measures to abate aquatic pollution from this and similar facilities within the
Niger Delta region, such as setting up of standard effluent treatment plants and
regulations/enforcement are recommended.
Key words: Brewery, Effluent quality, Treatment ponds, Assessment and Seasonal
Introduction
Adekunle et al. (2008); Oluwayemisi and Fagade (2012) referred to pollution as the
introduction of contaminants into water body, and it is anything provoking offensive
conditions in water body and affecting adversely any uses to which the water was meant.
Omoleke (2004) reported that pollution can cause a change in environment which is
detrimental to most autochthonous life. The problems facing the environment are vast and
diverse. Water pollution is serious problem globally involving the discharge of dissolved or
suspended substances into groundwater, streams, rivers and oceans. A major source of
pollution in developing countries is industrial activities and this has gradually increased the
problem of waste disposal. Increased industrial activities have led to pollution stress on
surface water both from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. Untreated liquid wastes
from processing factories located in cities are discharged into inland water bodies resulting in
stench, discoloration and a greasy oily nature of such water bodies (Olajumoke et al., 2010).
Over the last few decades, the adverse impacts of industrial wastes and/or pollutants on the
environment have increasingly become a major concern of regulatory agencies and
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
Vol 6. No. 1 2020 www.iiardpub.org
businesses. The problem posed by the pollution of the environment due to man’s
(anthropogenic) activities is fast becoming a point that should not be overlooked in today’s
world (Okereke, 2007; Egwuonwu et al., 2012). There are tendencies that suggest that
pollution (air, water and land) is fast becoming a modern day evil that has come to live with
us and are raking in some dangerous effect on human health and well-being. Nevertheless,
while some areas have been polluted due to domestic or municipal activities seem to be
controlled other forms of pollution arising from man’s continual activities in agricultural,
industrial and hospitals (biomedical) are on the increase.
Brewery wastewater effluent is highly variable in quality and composition. The pollution
discharge from brewery plant effluent comes from the losses in the beer production process
and from the clean-in-place (CIP) system located in the brewing house, cellar house and
bottling house (Egwuonwu et al., 2012).
Brewery plants have been known to cause pollution by discharging effluent into receiving
stream, ground water and soil. Water consumption for breweries generally ranges 4-8 cubic
meters per cubic meter of beer produced. Production steps include malt production, wort
production and beer production. Untreated effluent typically contains suspended solids in
range 10-60mg/l per litre, BOD in range 1000- 1500mg/l, COD in range 1800-3000mg/l and
nitrogen in range 30-100mg/l.Effluents from individual process steps are variable. For
example bottle washing produces large volume of effluent that, however, contains only a
minor part of total organics discharged from brewery. Effluents from fermentation and
filtering are high in organics and BOD and low in volume, accounting for about 3% of total
waste volume but 97% of BOD. Brewery effluent contains organic material such as spent
grains, waste yeast, spent hops and grit. Effluent pH averages about 7 for combined effluent
but can fluctuate from 3-12 depending on the use of acid or alkaline cleaning agent
(Olajumoke et al., 2010). In the examination of wastewater, about 40% of the filterable solids
are organic in nature while 75% are suspended solids (Tchobanoglous et al., 2003;
Egwuonwu et al., 2012). The major organic matter in wastewater are protein, carbohydrate
and fats and oil, they are however composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and
sulphur.
Sewage or wastewater sludge is a rich source of organic matter and nutrients, this wastewater
contains all the substances that enter in human metabolism, such as food, beverages,
pharmaceuticals, a great variety of household chemicals and the substances discharged from
trade and industry to the sewer system [Jakubus and Czekala, 2001; Kroiss, 2003; Lasheen et
al., 2003; Olowu et al., 2012].
Within a management hierarchy, pollution prevention should be the top priority and should
include: prevention and reduction, recycling and reuse, treatment, and disposal (Dickens,
1993). Consequently, pollution prevention planning becomes of major importance in
minimizing adverse environmental impacts resulting from industrial activities. A primary
component of a pollution prevention program is the development of a pollution prevention
plan.
Thus there is need to prevent and control the pollution of surface and ground water since the
public health and wellbeing of the people have a direct link with the availability of adequate
quantity of good quality water. `The aim of this study is to assess the characteristics of fast-
changing parameters in brewery effluents discharged into treatment pond.
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
Vol 6. No. 1 2020 www.iiardpub.org
Methodology
Study Area
The study area is in equatorial West Africa, which comprises the region lying between
latitude 50 14I and 38IINorth of the equator, and longitude 7o 37I, 33I, and 34I on the Atlantic
Coast of Africa.
The brewery is located at Aka Offot Industrial Layout, Uyo Local Government Area of Akwa
Ibom State, Nigeria. The Brewery was inaugurated in 1974. The brewery is a Nigeria-based
company, which is engaged in brewing business. The Company's principal activity is to carry
on the business of brewing and marketing of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in
Nigeria, as well as provide contract brewing and packaging services to Nigerian Breweries
Plc. The Company is involved in the brewing and marketing of Lager Beer and Malt. The
Company operates in the Nigeria geographical segment. Its Malt is a flavored beer with a
golden color and aroma. The Company's Malt is available in approximately 60 centiliters (cl)
bottles (12 Bottles per Crate). A range of products are produced.
Brewery wastewater effluent is highly variable in quality and composition. The pollution
discharge from brewery plant effluent comes from the losses in the beer production process
and from the clean-in-place (CIP) system located in the brewing house, cellar house and
bottling house. Effluents from individual process steps are variable. For example, bottle
washing produces a large volume of effluent that, however, contains only a minor part of the
total organics discharged from the brewery. Effluents from fermentation and filtering are high
in organics.
POND-1 receives raw effluent from the brewery processes which over time spills or drains
into POND-2. The major visible composition of effluents is spent grains and petroleum
product. While in POND-1, a lot of bio-transformation processes are believed to have taken
place. Because of the daily flow of raw effluent into POND-1 which having filled to capacity,
overflows it’s bound into POND-2. The edge of the POND-1 is covered with the spent
petroleum product and as the effluent is aging, algal growth (called laema) develops and
covers both ponds. It is from these ponds the vegetable farms around are watered.
Fig. 1: Map showing the Study Area- Champion Brewery Treatment Ponds
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
Vol 6. No. 1 2020 www.iiardpub.org
Sampling of Breweries Wastewater Effluent
Two season sampling was conducted with wet season carried out in July, 2016 and dry
season sampling in December, 2016. Treatment Ponds 1 and 2 were directly sampled for in
situ water quality parameters: pH, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total
Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Turbidity, using highly sensitive, well
calibrated portable meters, and water samples were collected using sterile 1litre containers for
physicochemical analysis including Sulphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological
Oxygen Demand (BOD ), Oil and Grease (O/G), Zinc, and Copper. Samples were transported
5
in an ice pack to the laboratory and stored at 4 oC. Samples for heavy metal content were
fixed with nitric acid, while samples for oil and grease analysis were collected in water tight
glass container and preserved with sulphuric acid. Samples for BOD determination were
5
collected in amber bottles.
Physicochemical Analysis
Physicochemical properties of water samples was determined by standard methods for
Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, AWWA and WEF, 2012).
Statistical Analysis
Using the data below, a data analysis was conducted using SPSS (10.7 Version) to find out if
there is any significant difference (variation) in the Physicochemical Characteristics of each
of the Breweries Wastewater Effluent parameters in wet and dry season. To make the
analysis easily understood, Independent t-test was used to test for the significant differences
between each of the parameters in both seasons.
Results and Discussion
The results (as indicated in figure 2 and tables 1 and 2) revealed high pollution level on the
recipient environment. This however, varied with season and the age of the pond. During wet
season, POND-1 was alkaline in nature owing to its reception of fresh effluent, and this
became slightly acidic in POND-2. A reverse is the case with the dry season as both ponds
were highly acidic. The mean values of BOD, COD, electrical conductivity as well as total
dissolved solids were higher than the regulatory limit in both ponds. The sulphate content
was well within the given limit of 250mg/l in both ponds. Zinc was found to be below the
FMENV limit, while copper rose above the stated limit in POND-1 and POND-2.
Statistically, the result shows that the mean pH parameter during the wet season was 7.32
with a standard deviation of 1.15 and that of the dry season was 5.53 with a standard
deviation of 0.39. The calculated t-value of 3.621 was obtained with 10 degree of freedom
and the p-value of 0.005. since P<0.05 (level of significance), it means that there was a
significant differences in the pH level of physicochemical characteristics of the Breweries
Wastewater Effluent between the wet and dry season. However, the pH level during the wet
season (7.32) was significantly higher than that of the dry season (5.53). The observed pH
mean values from POND-1 were found to be alkaline as in being fresh effluent and as the age
of the effluent increases the pH becomes low especially during dry season indicating high
acidic content. Olorode and Fagade (2012) reported low pH in brewery effluent obtained
from streams in western region of Nigeria. They attributed the low pH to some chemicals
preservatives used in brewery such as sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide which in turn form
trioxosulphate(iv) and carbonic acid, on reaction with water respectively.
Omoleke (2004); Olorode and Fagade (2012) described the temperature and the Dissolved
Oxygen as allied parameters stating that the higher the temperature, the lower the dissolved
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
Vol 6. No. 1 2020 www.iiardpub.org
oxygen and higher the BOD. As shown above, the mean temperature in the wet season was
30.067oC with a standard deviation of 0.82 while during the dry season the mean temperature
increased to 33.73oC with a standard deviation of 0.42. The calculated t-value was -9.72 with
10 degree of freedom. Most importantly, the p-value of 0.000 was obtained. Hence, since the
result shows that there is a significant variation in the temperature reading between the wet
and the dry season. Temperature during the dry season was significantly higher than the
temperature during the wet season. There is a great variation in dissolved oxygen between the
two seasons; with the significant level of 0.000, it clearly shows that there is a great
difference in the level of dissolved oxygen between wet and dry season. During the wet
season, the mean was 5.77mg/l while the dry season was 1.48mg/l meaning that it was higher
during the wet season than the dry season. Statistically, with the p-value of 0.216, it is
established that there is no significant differences in the biological oxygen demand between
the two seasons. Despite having the mean of the biological oxygen demand in the wet season
to be 35.47mg/l against the dry season with 43.92mg/l, the p-value claimed that there was no
significant seasonal variation in the biological oxygen demand.
During the wet season, the mean of the chemical oxygen demand was 43.00mg/l while during
the dry season, it increases to 64.32mg/l with the p-value of 0.44, showing a significant
difference in chemical oxygen demand between the two seasons. It was high during the dry
season than the wet season. These values are lower than the 150mg/l set by FMENV. In a
similar study, Alao et al. (2010), found high COD content in the effluent and they suspected
chemical additives to be responsible for the high content.
The result P>0.987 (significant level) shows that there was no significant difference in the
turbidity level between the wet and dry season. During wet season, the turbidity mean level
was 143.12NTU while that of the dry season was 143.8167NTU meaning that there were no
significant differences between the two seasons. Turbidity levels in both seasons were higher
than the FMENV limit of 5NTU.
When comparing the differences in total dissolved solids between the two seasons, the mean
value for wet season was 1206.20mg/l with a standard deviation of 215.71 while that of dry
season is 1725.15mg/l with 321.62 as the standard deviation. A t-test value of -3.28 was
gotten and with the p-value of 0.008. p<0.05 meaning that there was a significant difference
in the total dissolved solids between the wet and dry season. Thus, the value was significantly
higher during the dry season than the wet season.
In the same vein, when comparing the differences in electrical conductivity between the two
seasons, the mean for wet season is 1721.00µS/cm with a standard deviation of 305.65 while
that of dry season is 2464.48 µS/cm with a standard deviation of 459.45. A t-test value of -
3.300 was achieved and with the p-value of 0.008, the result was significant at 2-tailed test.
Meaning that there was a significant different in the electric conductivity between the wet and
dry season. Thus, the value was significantly higher during the dry season than the wet
season. Nweke and Sander (2009) observed that the chloride content is directly proportional
to the electrical conductivity which is quite in support of this work.
From the result, the mean value of sulphate during wet season (50.13mg/l) was lower than
during the dry season (63.77mg/l). But be as it may, the p-value of 0.284 summarized it all
that there is no seasonal variation in sulphate. The measured values were below the FMENV
limit of 250mg/l.
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
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The edge of the POND-1 is lined by spent petroleum product. This seems to trap trash, plants,
and other materials, causing foul odours. From the result, the p-value is 0.097 (p>0.05) which
means that there was no significant difference in oil and grease parameter reading between
the wet and dry season. But, oil and grease reading was a little higher during the dry season
(21.05mg/l) than the wet season (11.97mg/l). These values are above the FMENV limit of
10mg/l. Osinbanjo et al. (2011); Bedu-Addo and Akanwarewiak (2012) reported that oil and
grease has potential to cause environmental pollution.
From the result, the p-value of 0.017 (p<0.05) shows that there is a significant different in
copper between the wet and dry season. However, the mean value of 11.11mg/l during wet
season and 22.07mg/l during the dry season shows that copper was significantly higher
during the dry season. While testing for the seasonal changes in zinc, it was gathered that the
mean value of zinc during the wet season was 1.37mg/l while during the dry season it
increased to 2.11mg/l. meaning that there was a great increase in zinc level during the dry
season. The p-value of 0.045 (p<0.05) proved that there is a significant variation in zinc level
between wet and dry season. The results also showed that the ponds are highly contaminated
with copper as confirmed by Kabata-Pendias and Pendias (2001); Olowu et al. (2012).
Adewuyi et al. (2010) reported copper concentration levels above normal range are highly
unsafe and pose health risks to the environment. Still on heavy metal content of the effluent,
zinc concentration was observed to be within the FMENV limit of 3.00mg/l in all seasons.
Table 1: Wet Season Physicochemical Characteristics of Breweries Wastewater Effluent
Parameter Pond Mean Pond Mean FMENV
1 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 Limit
pH 7.67 8.45 8.82 8.31±0.59 6.23 6.31 6.46 6.33±0.12 6.5-8.5
Temperature 30.1 31.5 29.7 30.4±0.94 29.4 30.4 29.3 29.7±0.61 -
(oC)
Elect. 2100.2 2017.6 1800.4 1972.7±154.9 1345.6 1620.5 1441.7 1469.266±139.5 1000
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
Total 1470.1 1412.3 1260.3 1380.9±108.4 941.9 1134.4 1009.2 1028.5±97.7 500
Dissolved
Solids (mg/l)
Dissolved 4.3 6.3 5.8 5.47±1.04 5.4 6.6 6.2 6.066±0.61 -
Oxygen
(mg/l)
Turbidity 181.3 205.6 210.4 199.1±15.60 88.3 94.6 78.5 87.133±8.11 5
(NTU)
Chemical 55.3 51.6 53.3 53.4±1.85 32.4 32.6 31.8 32.266±0.42 150
Oxygen
Demand
(mg/l)
Biological 33.8 41.6 45.2 40.2±5.83 22.5 27.1 21.1 23.566±3.14 10
Oxygen
Demand
(mg/l)
Oil and 16.7 19 15.2 16.97±1.91 8.3 6.4 6.2 6.966±1.16 10
Grease
(mg/l)
Sulphate 70.5 62.4 62.8 65.2±4.57 34.2 36.3 34.6 35.033±1.12 250
(mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l) 1.233 2.341 1.823 1.799±0.55 0.321 1.121 1.424 0.955±0.57 3.00
Copper 15.131 14.134 15.32 14.862±0.64 7.214 7.434 7.462 7.37±0.14 1.00
(mg/l)
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Table 2: Dry Season Physicochemical Characteristics of Breweries Wastewater Effluent
Parameter Pond Mean Pond Mean FMENV
1 2
Limit
1 2 3 1 2 3
pH 5.37 5.07 5.14 5.19±0.16 5.77 6.01 5.82 5.866±0.13 6.5-8.5
Temperature 33.4 34 33.8 33.733±0.31 34.4 33.2 33.6 33.733±0.61 -
(oC)
Elect. 2722.1 3010.3 2884.1 2872.166±144.5 2000.4 2008.4 2161.6 2056.8±90.8 1000
Conductivity
(µS/cm)
Total 1905.5 2107.2 2018.9 2010.533±101.1 1400.3 1405.9 1513.1 1439.766±63.6 500
Dissolved
Solids
(mg/l)
Dissolved 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.633±0.21 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.333±0.21 -
Oxygen
(mg/l)
Turbidity 211.5 217.3 224.6 217.8±6.56 78.2 66.1 65.2 69.833±7.26 5
(NTU)
Chemical 78.6 82.4 85.3 82.1±3.36 48.3 44.7 46.6 46.533±1.80 150
Oxygen
Demand
(mg/l)
Biological 50.5 49.7 50.8 50.333±0.57 35.3 38.4 38.8 37.5±1.92 10
Oxygen
Demand
(mg/l)
Oil and 30.6 30.8 31.2 30.866±0.31 11.6 10.7 11.4 11.233±0.47 10
Grease
(mg/l)
Sulphate 86.5 85.3 85.8 85.866±0.60 41.3 42 41.7 41.666±0.35 250
(mg/l)
Zinc (mg/l) 2.341 2.456 2.715 2.504±0.19 1.723 1.672 1.744 1.713±0.04 3.00
Copper 28.162 30.441 30.482 29.695±1.33 14.223 14.425 14.661 14.436±0.22 1.00
(mg/l)
Fig. 2: Bar Chart showing Physicochemical Characteristics of POND-1 and POND-2
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
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Fig. 3: Graph showing the seasonal variation in the physicochemical characteristics of
Breweries Wastewater Effluent
Conclusion
This work analyzed the physicochemical parameters that are present in receiving ponds and
the results obtained from the study showed that the effluent’s treatment methods/facilities
currently obtainable within the facility are not adequate. As shown in figure 3, parameters
including temperature, copper, zinc, sulphate, oil and grease, biological oxygen demand,
chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity were all
higher during the dry season when compared with the wet season. While pH and dissolved
oxygen recorded high values during the wet season in comparison. It is therefore concluded
that there is a great significant variation in the physicochemical characteristics of the
breweries wastewater effluent between the wet and dry season and that the treatment ponds
are polluted regardless of season. Consequently, when such polluted water is eventually
released into the public drain, they contaminate ground water resources and even open waters
such as rivers and streams. These aquatic resources are sources of water for fish from
aquaculture and capture fisheries for food fish. Invariably, these contaminants pose a threat to
human health when fishes captured from such facilities are eaten by man, through bio-
accumulation and bio-magnification processes.
Recommendations
Based on the findings from this study, the following are recommended;
 Effective treatment plants of brewery effluents for this plant and other similar plants
within the region should be installed within the facilities to ensure that effluents are
treated to required standards prior to discharging them into the environment.
 Adequate regulations leading to strict sanctions to prevent pollution of the
environment should be enacted and implemented to ensure a basis for enforcing
compliance where necessary.
 Routine biological monitoring of aquatic resources for contaminants from water
bodies within the catchment area influence of the brewery/other industrial effluents
discharges should be put in place, in order to forestall human consumption of
contaminated aquatic food resources such as fish.
 Proper medical surveys should also be conducted within the catchment area of the
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International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science E-ISSN 2489-0081 P-ISSN 2695-1894,
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Industries discharging such effluents and records properly analyzed. This will
enhance early detection of such poorly managed industrial effluents treatment ponds,
as a basis for applying both environmental and health remedial measures.
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