# Federal Republic of Nigeria

# Second

* * *

ii

* * *

# Federal Republic of Nigeria

iii

* * *

Foreword

Nigeria became a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1994 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol in
2004\. From inception of being a Party to the Convention, Nigeria has
participated actively in international climate policy negotiations and in
the effort to meet its reporting obligation under the UNFCCC, has
submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) in 2003, the Second
National Communication (SNC) in February 2014 and the Third National
Communication (TNC) in April, 2020. In order to meet our emission
reduction obligation, the Intended Nationally Determined
Contributions was submitted in 2015 to usher in the Paris Agreement
and signed the instrument of ratification in 2016. The unwavering effort
to support the enhancement of transparency for reporting on
mitigation actions engineered the submission of Nigeria’s First Biennial
Update Report (BUR1) in 2018.

\[Image: Im2\]

During the preparation of the Nigeria’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2), a participatory process
was undertaken through consistent technical studies, involvement and consultation of relevant
Stakeholders at both national and sub-national levels of engagement, this is in order to foster
transparency and to align with the procedures and guidelines for preparing this national document.

A holistic approach was adopted to collate information on Nigeria’s National Circumstances; National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory on the Energy, Industrial Process and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forest
and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste sectors, Mitigation actions; the Monitoring, Reporting and
Verification system; Constraints and Gaps; and Support needed and received.

The Government of Nigeria, with its ambitious reduction target, is poised towards implementing an allinclusive national response to Climate Change through emission reduction, adaptation to the impacts of
the changing climate, and contributing to global discussions on optimal solutions to address climate
change challenges. Within this context, the Federal Republic of Nigeria recently approved the revised
National Climate Change Policy in order to embrace and accommodate the emerging global climate
change related issues such as the Paris Agreement and Gender.

The Federal Ministry of Environment is honoured and delighted to submit its Second Biennial Update
Report (BUR2) to the Convention, with the intention that the information contained therein will be of
utmost importance towards achieving the country’s sustainable environmental goals as well as meet the
objectives of the UNFCCC.

Dr. Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar
Honourable Minister
Federal Ministry of Environment

* * *

# Acknowledgements

The contribution of all relevant Stakeholders of the Federal Republic of Nigeria in the development of Nigeria’s Second Biennial Update Report is gratefully acknowledged. A special word of thanks goes to the former Director of the Department of Climate Change, Dr Yerima Peter Tarfa (now Permanent Secretary, Federal Republic of Nigeria) who spearheaded the whole preparatory process, and to the current National Focal Point, Mrs. Halima Bawa Bwari.

Nigeria acknowledges the financial contribution made by the Global Environment Facility with the support of the UNDP Country office as implementing Agency.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria expresses appreciation to our National Experts and the international consultancy firm engaged for this Project.

## Technical & Advisory Support – Muyiwa Odele, UNDP Nigeria

## Project Management team

- UNFCCC National Focal Point – Halima Bawa-Bwari
- National Project Coordinator – Iniobong Abiola-Awe

## Project Technical Team team

## GHG Inventory Compilers

- Greenhouse Gases Inventory Division,
- Department of Climate Change, Federal Ministry of Environment

## Inventory Providers

## Main Institutional Contributors

- Department of Petroleum Resources
- Energy Commission of Nigeria
- Federal Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development
- Federal Ministry of Budget & National Planning
- Federal Ministry of Transport
- Federal Ministry of Water Resources
- Federal Ministry of Power, Works & Housing
- Federal Ministry of Environment
- Federal Ministry of Finance
- Federal Ministry of Health
- Federal Ministry of Science & Technology
- Federal Ministry of Trade & Investment
- National Space Research & Development Agency (NASDAR)
- National Bureau of Statistics
- National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)
- National Planning Commission
- Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
- Nigerian Maritime Administration & Safety Agency (NIMASA)
- Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET)

## Quality Assurance and Peer Review

- Rasack Nayamuth
  v

* * *

# Table of Contents

Foreword ... iv
Acknowledgements ... v
Table of Contents ... vi
List of Tables ... x
List of Figures ... xiii
Abbreviations and Acronyms ... xiv
Executive Summary ... xx
ES 1. National circumstances and institutional arrangements ... xx
Geographical situation ... xx
Governance ... xx
Convention Obligations ... xx
Institutional arrangements ... xxi
Climate ... xxi
Relief, drainage and water resources ... xxi
Demography ... xxii
Economic profile ... xxii
Key economic sectors ... xxii
Energy ... xxii
Oil and natural gas ... xxiii
Biomass ... xxiii
Other energy sources ... xxiii
Agriculture ... xxiv
Human Health ... xxiv
Transportation ... xxiv
Information and Communication ... xxv
Manufacturing ... xxv
Power sector ... xxv
Wetlands ... xxvi
Environmental Challenges ... xxvi
Climate Change ... xxvi
Deforestation ... xxvi
Floods ... xxvii
Environmental Pollution ... xxvii
Waste ... xxvii
Economic and developmental challenges ... xxvii

vi

* * *

ES 2. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory .....xxviii
Introduction.....xxviii
Institutional arrangements.....xxviii
Coverage.....xxviii
Method.....xxix
Completeness.....xxix
Data Sources.....xxix
QA/QC procedures.....xxix
Uncertainty Assessment.....xxx
National emissions.....xxx
Key Category Analysis.....xxx
Constraints and Gaps.....xxxi
National GHG Inventory Improvement Plan.....xxxi

ES 3. Mitigation actions and their effects.....xxxi

ES 4. Information on domestic Measurement Reporting and Verification .....xxxii
Development of the MRV system of Nigeria.....xxxii
GHG Inventory Management System.....xxxiii
MRV mitigation actions including NAMAs.....xxxiii
MRV of support.....xxxiv

ES 5. Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs, including a description of support needed and received .....xxxiv
Introduction.....xxxiv
GHG inventory.....xxxv
Mitigation.....xxxv
Measurement, Reporting and Verification.....xxxv
Technology transfer.....xxxv
Support received and

* * *

1.4 Institutional arrangements ..... 2
1.5 Climate ..... 3
1.6 Relief, drainage and water resources ..... 3
1.7 Vegetation ..... 4
1.8 Land Resources and uses ..... 5
1.9 Coastal and Marine Environment ..... 6
1.10 Demography ..... 6
1.11 Economic profile ..... 7
1.12 Key economic sectors ..... 9
1.13 Environmental Challenges ..... 12
1.14 Economic and development challenges ..... 14
1.15 Gender mainstreaming in climate actions and reporting ..... 14

2 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory ..... 18
2.1 Background ..... 18
2.2 Framework and cycle for inventory preparation ..... 18
2.3 Overview of the inventory ..... 20
2.4 Key Category Analysis ..... 22
2.5 Methodological issues ..... 24
2.6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA / QC) ..... 24
2.7 Unc

* * *

5 Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs, including a description of support needed and received ..... 88

5.1 Introduction..... 88

5.2 Constraints and gaps ..... 88

5.3 Support received and needed ..... 92

6 Information on the level of support received to enable the preparation and submission of biennial update reports..... 97

6.1 Financial..... 97

6.2 Capacity building ..... 97

7 Any other information relevant to the achievement of the objective of the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its Biennial Update Report ..... 98

7.1 Introduction..... 98

7.2 National climate change strategies and plans..... 98

7.3 Climate change adaptation ..... 99

8 Bibliography..... 102

* * *

# List of Tables

Table 1.1 - Summary of gender analysis from pre-validation workshop ... 15

Table 2.1 - Key Category Analysis for the year 2017 - Approach 1 - Level Assessment ... 22

Table 2.2 - Key Category Analysis (2000 – 2017) - Approach 1 - Trend Assessment ... 23

Table 2.3 - Summary of Key Categories for level (2017) and trend (2000 – 2017) assessments ... 23

Table 2.4 - Global Warming Potential ... 24

Table 2.5 - Overall uncertainty (%) ... 26

Table 2.6 - Completeness of the 2017 GHG inventory ... 27

Table 2.7 -Comparison of original and recalculated emissions of past inventories presented in national

communications ... 31

Table 2.8 - GHG emissions (Gg CO₂-eq) characteristics (2000 – 2017) ... 33

Table 2.9 - National GHG emissions (Gg, CO₂-eq) by sector (2000 – 2017) ... 34

Table 2.10 - Aggregated emissions and removals by gas (2000 – 2017) ... 35

Table 2.11 - CO₂ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 36

Table 2.12 - CH₄ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 36

Table 2.13 - N₂O emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 37

Table 2.14 - Emissions (Gg) of indirect GHGs and SO₂ (2000 – 2017) ... 37

Table 2.15 - NOₓ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 38

Table 2.16 - CO emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 39

Table 2.17 - Emissions of NMVOCs (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 39

Table 2.18 - SO₂ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017) ... 40

Table 2.19 - Short Summary – Inventory Year 2017 ... 41

Table 2.20 - Long Summary – Inventory Year 2017 ... 42

Table 3.1 - Mitigation measures identified in Nigeria’s TNC ... 47

Table 3.2 - Mitigation potential of measures under LCD scenario in Nigeria’s TNC ... 48

Table 3.3 - Policy – National Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy (NCCPRS) ... 49

Table 3.4 - Policy – The Nigerian National Biofuels Program ... 49

Table 3.5 - Policy – National Energy Policy ... 50

Table 3.6 - Policy – The Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda ... 51

Table 3.7 - Policy – National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy ... 51

Table 3.8 - Policy – The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) ... 52

Table 3.9 - Policy – Large Scale Hydro Power Project ... 53

Table 3.10 - Policy – Production and use of biofuel ... 53

Table 3.11 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy ... 54

Table 3.12 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy ... 54

Table 3.13 - Policy – Adopt clean cook stoves ... 54

Table 3.14 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy ... 55

Table 3.15 - Policy – Adoption of renewable energy ... 55

Table 3.16 - Policy – Adoption of renewable energy ... 56

Table 3.17 - Policy – Nigeria Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity ... 56

x

* * *

Table 3.18 - UN-REDD Programme ... 56

Table 3.19 - Federal Ministry of Environment: Solid Waste Program Interventions ... 57

Table 3.20 - Projects under the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) ... 58

Table 3.21 - CDM – Recovery of associated gas that would otherwise be flared at Kwale oil-gas processing plant,

Nigeria ... 59

Table 3.22 - CDM – Pan Ocean Gas Utilization Project ... 59

Table 3.23 - CDM – Efficient Fuel Wood Stoves for Nigeria ... 59

Table 3.24 - CDM – Recovery and marketing of gas that would otherwise be flared at the Asuokpu / Umutu Marginal

Field, Nigeria ... 60

Table 3.25 - CDM – Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Composting Project in Ikorodu, Lagos State ... 60

Table 3.26 - CDM – LFG project in Nigeria ... 61

Table 3.27 - CDM – Afam Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Project ... 61

Table 3.28 - CDM-Lafarge WAPCO Partial Substitution of Alternative Fuels in Cement Facilities Project in Nigeria 62

Table 3.29 - CDM – Recovery and Utilization of Associated Gas from the Obodugwa and neighbouring oil fields in

Nigeria ... 62

Table 3.30 - CDM-Kainji Hydropower Rehabilitation Project, Nigeria ... 62

Table 3.31 - CDM – OML58 IPP Gas Fired Generation Project ... 63

Table 3.32 - CDM – Ofon-2 Upstream Emission Reduction project ... 63

Table 3.33 - PoA – Cable Propelled Mass Transit Projects in Nigeria ... 64

Table 3.34 - PoA – Distribution of Improved Cook Stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa ... 64

Table 3.35 - PoA – EE of Nigeria’s Residential Lighting Stock by distributing up to 40 million Compact Fluorescent

Lamps (CFLs) to households ... 65

Table 3.36 - PoA – African Improved Cooking Stoves PoA ... 65

Table 3.37 - PoA – Reduction of emission from non-renewable fuel from cooking at household level ... 65

Table 3.38 - PoA – Distribution of fuel-efficient improved cooking stoves ... 66

Table 3.39 - PoA – Improved Cooking Stoves for Nigeria PoA ... 66

Table 3.40 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan-Transport ... 67

Table 3.41 - National SLCP programme for the Residential sector ... 67

Table 3.42 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Oil and Gas ... 68

Table 3.43 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Manufacturing industries ... 68

Table 3.44 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Electricity and renewable energy ... 69

Table 3.45 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Refrigeration and air cooling ... 69

Table 3.46 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Agriculture ... 70

Table 3.47 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Solid and liquid waste ... 70

Table 3.48 - Summary of emissions reductions from SLCP program ... 71

Table 3.49 - Installation of Solar Power Off-Grid at Bayero, Kano State (NW) ... 71

Table 3.50 - Installation of Solar Street Lightings - 36 States of the Federation ... 71

Table 3.51 - Solar Mini-Grids for selected Federal Government Buildings ... 72

Table 3.52 - Establishment of Acacia Plantations Bungudu & Zurmi LG Areas in Zamfara State (NW) ... 72

Table 3.53 - Powering boreholes using solar energy ... 73

Table 3.54 - National Biofuel Development Nation wide ... 73

Table 3.55 - Energy Efficiency Nationwide ... 74

xi

* * *

Table 3.56 - National waste to wealth Program States of Abia, Borno, Cross River, Gombe & Ondo ... 74

Table 3.57 - Solar PV Power Solutions for 12 NNPC Retail Mega Stations ... 74

Table 3.58 - Escravos-Lagos Gas Pipeline System II (ELPS II) ... 75

Table 3.59 - Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline (TNGP) ... 75

Table 3.60 - Commissioning of new electricity generation plants ... 76

Table 3.61 - Commission an additional LNG Train ... 76

Table 4.1 - Activity cycle to track mitigation projects ... 80

Table 4.2 - Identified MRV Gaps in All Sectors (A- Available, PA – Partly Available, NA – Not Available) ... 85

Table 5.1 - Availability of information for reporting on mitigation actions as per Decision 2/CP.17 ... 89

Table 5.2 - Key gaps and potential solutions ... 90

Table 5.3 - Summary of bilateral and multilateral financial flows including GEF ... 92

Table 5.4 - Some examples of private sector funding ... 95

Table 5.5 - Intervention areas and type of support needed ... 95

xii

* * *

# List of Figures

Figure 1.1 - Location map of Nigeria ... 1

Figure 1.2 - Geopolitical zones of Nigeria ... 1

Figure 1.3 - Organogram for implementing climate change activities ... 3

Figure 1.4 - Nigeria Agro-Ecological Zones / Vegetation ... 5

Figure 1.5 - GDP of Nigeria in constant 2010 USD and current USD ... 7

Figure 1.6 - Nigeria’s GDP growth and inflation rate ... 7

Figure 1.7 Growth rate of main economic sectors of Nigeria ... 8

Figure 2.1 - The inventory cycle of Nigeria ... 19

Figure 2.2 - Decision tree used to determine Tier Level method ... 21

Figure 2.3 - Per capita GHG emissions (2000 – 2017) ... 33

Figure 2.4 - GDP emissions index (2000 – 2017) ... 33

Figure 2.5 - Share of aggregated emissions (Gg CO₂-eq) by gas (2000 – 2017) ... 35

Figure 3.1 - Per capita GHG emissions and GDP emissions index ... 47

Figure 4.1 - Institutional arrangements of Nigeria for implementing the Convention ... 79

Figure 4.2 - GHGIMS cum MRV emissions ... 83

Figure 4.3 - Mitigation (NAMA and other activities) MRV process ... 85

xiii

* * *

Abbreviations and Acronyms

| Abbreviation/Acronyms | Definition |
| --- | --- |
| $^{o}C$ | Degree Celsius |
| AA | Action agenda |
| AD | Activity Data |
| AFOLU | Agriculture, Forest and Other Land Use |
| AIDS | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| ALU | Agriculture and Land Use National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Software |
| AMS | Adaptive mesh size |
| AP | Action Plan |
| AR | Assessment Report |
| AWD | Alternate Wetting Drying |
| BAU | Business as usual |
| Bm | Biomass |
| BRT | Bus Rapid Transit |
| BTR | Biennial Transparency Reports |
| BUR | Biennial Update Report |
| C | Carbon |
| CBIT | Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency |
| CBO | Community Based Organisation |
| CC | Climate Change |
| CCAC | Climate and Clean Air Coalition |
| CCGT | Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine |
| CCN | Climate Change Network |
| CCSAP | Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan |
| CDC | Centre for Disease Control and Prevention |
| CDM | Clean Development Mechanism |
| CFE | Carbon Fund for Europe |
| CFL | Compact Fluorescent Lamp |
| CH\_{4}$ | Methane |
| CHP | Combined Heat and Power |
| CILSS | Comité inter-États de lutte contre la sécheresse au Sahel |
| CMA | Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement |
| CNG | Compressed Natural Gas |
| CO | Carbon monoxide |
| CO\_{2}$ | Carbon dioxide |
| CO\_{2}-eq | carbon dioxide equivalent |
| COEFA | Council for Entrepreneurs for Africa |
| COP | Conference of Parties |
| COVID | Corona Virus Disease |

^{\\circ}C

\ 0\_{2}e q mathfrak

* * *

| Abbreviation/Acronyms | Definition |
| --- | --- |
| CP | Conference of Parties |
| CPA | Component project activity |
| CPEIR | Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review |
| CS | Country-specific |
| CSO | Civil Society Organisation |
| cT | Topical continental |
| CTCN | Climate Technology Centre and Network |
| DARE | Developmental Association for Renewable Energies |
| DCC | Department of Climate Change |
| DE | Digestible Energy |
| DEA | Department of Environmental Affairs |
| DFID | Department for International Development |
| DNA | Designated National Authority |
| DPR | Department of Petroleum Resources |
| ECN | Energy Commission of Nigeria |
| ECOWAS | Economic Community of West African States |
| ECREEE | ECOWAS Centre for Renewal Energy and Energy Efficiency |
| EE | Executing Entity |
| EEA | European Environment Agency |
| EF | Emission Factor |
| EIA | Energy Information Administration |
| ELPS | Escravos-Lagos Pipeline System |
| EMEP | European Monitoring and Evaluation Program |
| EPC | Engineer, procure and construct |
| EPCIC | Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Installation & Commissioning |
| ERGP | Economic Recovery & Growth Plan |
| ESIA | Environmental Social Impact Assessment |
| ETF | Enhanced Transparency Framework |
| EU | European Union |
| EUR | Euro |
| FAO | Food and Agricultural Organisation |
| FCT | Federal Capital Territory |
| FID | Final Investment Decision |
| FME | Federal Ministry of Environment |
| FMOH | Federal Ministry of Health |
| FMPW&H | Federal Ministry of Power, Works, and Housing |
| FMST | Federal Ministry of Science and Technology |
| FNC | First National Communication |
| FOLU | Forestry and Other Land Use |
| GCF | Green Climate Fund |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| GEF | Global Environment Facility |
| GFRA | Global Forest Resources Assessment |
| Gg | Gigagram |
| GHG | GreenHouse Gas |
| GHGIMS | Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management System |
| GIZ | Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit |
| GPG | Good Practice Guidance |
| GVM | Gross Vehicle Mass |
| GW | Gigawatt |
| GWH | Gigawatt Hour |
| GWP | Global Warming Potential |
| ha | Hectare(1 ha=10,000m2) |
| HBF | Heinrich Boll Foundation |
| HBS | Henrich Boll Stiftung |
| HFC | Hydrofluorocarbons |
| HH | Household |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| IBC | Integrated Benefits Calculator |
| ICA | International consultation and analysis |
| ICCC | Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change |
| ICEED | International Centre for Energy Environment and Development |
| ICREEE | Inter-Ministerial Committee on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency |
| ICT | Information and communications technology |
| IE | Included Elsewhere |
| IEA | International Energy Agency |
| IFC | International Finance Corporation |
| INC | Initial National Communication |
| INDC | Intended Nationally Determined Contribution |
| IPCC | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |
| IPP | Independent power plant |
| IPPU | Industrial Processes and Product Use |
| ITCZ | Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone |
| IWRM | Integrated Water Resources Management |
| JV | Joint Venture |
| KCA | Key Category Analysis |
| km | Kilometre |
| km2 | Square kilometre |
| kWh | Kilowatt-hour |
| LAWMA | Lagos Waste Management Authority |
| LCD | Low carbon development |
| LEAP | Low Emissions Analysis Platform |
| LED | Light emitting diode |
| LFG | Landfill gas |
| LG | Local Government |
| LGA | Local Government Area |
| LNG | Liquefied natural gas |
| LPG | Liquefied Petroleum Gas. |
| LULUCF | Land use, land-use change and forestry |
| m | Metre |
| m/s | Metre per second |
| m³ | Cubic metre |
| mamsl | Metre above mean sea level |
| MARV | Measurement, Assessment, Reporting and Verification |
| MDA | Ministries departments and agencies |
| MDGs | Millenium Development Goals |
| MET | Ministry of Environment and Tourism |
| mm | Millimetre |
| MoU/MOU | Memorandum of Understanding |
| MPG | Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines |
| MRV | Measuring, Reporting and Verification |
| MSW | Municipal Solid Waste |
| mT | Tropical maritime |
| MW | MegaWatt |
| MWG | Mitigation Working Group |
| N2O | Nitrous oxide |
| NA | Not Available |
| NACOP | National Council on Power |
| NAFIN | National Alliance for Improved Nutrition |
| NAI | Non-Annex I |
| NAMA | Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action |
| NAOC | Nigerian Agip Oil Company |
| NAP | National Adaptation Plan |
| NASPA-CCN | National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action for Climate Change in Nigeria |
| NBS | National Bureau of Statistics |
| NC | National Communication |
| NCA | Nama coordinating Agency |
| NCCC | National Climate Change Committee |
| NCCPRS | National Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy |
| NDC | Nationally Determined Contributions |
| NDP | National Development Plan |
| NE | Not Estimated |
| NEEAP | National Energy Efficiency Action Plan |
| NEPAD | New Partnership for Africa's Development |
| NESI | Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry |
| NESP | Nigerian Energy Support Programme |
| NEWMAP | Nigeria Erosion and Watershed Management Project |
| NGO | Non-Governmental Organization |
| NIE | NAMA Implementing Entity |
| NIIP | National Inventory Improvement Plan |
| NIR | National Inventory Report |
| NLNG | Nigeria LNG Limited |
| NMVOC | Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compound |
| NNPC | Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation |
| NO | Not Occurring |
| NO3 | Nitrogen oxides |
| NREAP | National Renewable Energy Action Plan |
| NREEEP | National renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy |
| NREEP | National Energy Efficiency Action Plan |
| NRGI | Natural Resource Governance Institute |
| NSHDP | National Strategic Health Development Plan |
| NVDCP | National Vector-Born Disease Control Program |
| ODS | Ozone Depleting Substances |
| OGEMP | Off Grid Energy Master Plan |
| OGPP | Open Government partnership principles |
| OML | Oil Mining License |
| PA | Paris Agreement |
| PDNA | Post Disaster Needs Assessment |
| PFC | Perfluorocarbon |
| PHCN | Power Holding Company of Nigeria |
| PIDACC | Programme for integrated development and adaptation to climate change |
| PMS | Premium motor spirit |
| PoA | Program of Activities |
| PPA | Power Purchase Agreement |
| PV | Photovoltaic |
| QA | Quality Assurance |
| QC | Quality Control |
| RE | Renewable energy |
| REAP | Renewable Energy Access Program |
| REDD | Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation |
| REEEI | Renewable Energy&Energy Efficiency Institute |
| REMP | Renewable Energy Master Plan |
| RUWES | Rural Women Energy Security |
| SAVE80 | Save 80% of the firewood consumption of a traditional open fireplace(3-stone-fire) |
| SCCU | Special Climate Change Unit |
| SCF | Standard cubic foot |
| SCFPD | Standard cubic foot per day |
| SCM | Standard cubic meter(1 SCM=1m3) |
| SE4ALL AA | Sustainable Energy for All Action Agenda |
| SF6 | Sulphur hexafluoride |
| SHP | Small Hydro Power |
| SLCP | Short Lived Climate Pollutant |
| SME | Small and Medium Enterprises |
| SNC | Second National Communication |
| SO2 | Sulphur dioxide |
| SPDC | Shell Petroleum Development Corporation |
| t | Tonne |
| TACCC | Transparent, accurate, consistent, complete and comparable |
| TBD | To be determined |
| TEPNG | Total Exploration and Production Nigeria |
| TFT | Thin-film transistor |
| TJ | Terajoule |
| TLS | Transfer Loading Station |
| TNC | Third national Communication |
| TNGP | Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline |
| TTE | Technical Team of Experts |
| UGEAP | Universal Green Energy Access Program |
| UN | United Nations |
| UNDP | United Nations Development Program |
| UNEP | United Nations Environment Programme |
| UNFCCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
| UNICEF | United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund |
| USAID | United States Agency for International Development |
| USD | United States Dollar |
| USGS | United States Geological Survey |
| WAPCO | West African Gas Pipeline Company |
| WEC | World Energy Council |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
| WMO | World Meteorological Organization |
| WTTC | World Travel & Tourism Council |

* * *

Executive Summary

ES 1. National circumstances and institutional arrangements

Geographical situation
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria, is located at the extreme inner corner

The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to as Nigeria, is located at the extreme inner corner
of the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa between latitudes 3°15’ to 13°30’ N and longitudes 2°59’
to 15°00’ E. It borders Benin in the west, Niger in the north, Chad, and Cameroon in the east, and its coast
in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean.

Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa with a land area of 923,768 km2 of which land comprises
910,768 km2 and water accounts for 13,000 km2. It has a total boundary length of 4,900 km, including 853
km of coastline (Nigeria, 2017).

Governance

Nigeria is a federal presidential republic. It comprises 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT),
where the capital, Abuja is located. Nigeria is officially a democratic secular country. The States and FCT
are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas or Area Councils for grassroot administration.
The 36 States are grouped into six geopolitical zones for political and development purposes. The
Constitution of the country provides for a presidential system of government in which there is an
Executive, a Legislature and a Judiciary. The legislative structure is bicameral with upper and lower
chambers at the Federal level while State governments and Local Councils operate a single legislative
chamber. A judicial structure erected in all three tiers of government completes the operational
framework for checks and balances and separation of powers in governance as enshrined in the
Constitution. The Constitution further provides for the operation of three tiers of government, at the
Federal, State and Local levels (Nigeria, 2014).

Convention Obligations
Under Article 4.1 (a) of the Convention, each Party should develop, periodically update, publish and make

Under Article 4.1 (a) of the Convention, each Party should develop, periodically update, publish and make
available to the Conference of the Parties (COP), in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of
anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the
Montreal Protocol, to the extent its capacities permit, using comparable methodologies to be promoted
and agreed upon by the COP.

As a Non-Annex 1 Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and
more specifically as directed by Paragraph 60 (c) of decision 1/CP.16, Nigeria is obliged to report certain
elements of information, notably:

Since the inception of joint global actions on climate change arising from the Rio Conventions of 1992,
Nigeria has been active on many fronts, submitting various reports including National Communications
(NCs) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs), and producing strategic plans such as the National Adaptation
Strategy and Plan of Action (NASPA). The numerous initiatives proposed in those reports paved the way
for Nigeria to contribute to limiting Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the resulting global warming.

* * *

Institutional arrangements

The DCC of the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) was set up to implement the Nigerian Government’s
“commitment to introducing and implementing adaptation and mitigation measures necessary to reduce
vulnerability to climate change”.

The DCC comprises the following four Divisions:

x Greenhouse Gas Division

x Vulnerability and Adaptation Division

x Education, Awareness and Outreach Division

x Mitigation Division

In addition to the operations carried out by these divisions, DCC is also the convener and chair of the Inter-
Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (ICCC). The functional organogram of DCC along with a detailed
description is provided in the MRV chapter of this report.

Climate

Nigeria is located primarily within the lowland humid tropics. The climate of Nigeria is mainly influenced
by three major air masses: the tropical maritime (mT), the tropical continental (cT) and the equatorial
easterlies (Ojo, 1977; Iloeje, 1981).

Nigeria is generally characterized by a high temperature regime almost throughout the year. In the far
o o
south, mean maximum temperature is 32 C while in the north it is 41 C. However, the mean minimum
o o
temperature is 21 C in the south and below 13 C in the north which has a much higher annual range. The
o
mean temperature for the country is 27 C, in the absence of altitudinal modifications. Over the last few
decades, there has been a general increase in temperature throughout Nigeria.

32^{\\circ}\\mathbb{C}

41^{\\circ}\\mathbb{C}

21^{\\circ}\\mathbb{C}

13^{\\circ}C

27^{\\circ}\\mathbb{C},

The climate of the country varies from a very wet coastal area with annual rainfall greater than 3,500 mm
to the Sahel region in the northwest and north-eastern parts, with annual rainfall less than 600 mm. The
annual variation of rainfall, particularly in the northern parts, is large. This often results in climatic hazards,
especially floods and droughts, which bring in their wake much suffering with devastating effects on food
production and the nation’s economy. Recent studies have revealed declining trends in rainfall. Often,
substantial parts of Nigeria receive less than 75% of their annual rainfall and this is particularly worrisome
in the north.

Most of the country’s rivers take their sources from four main hydrological basins: the North Central
plateau (Sokoto-Rima, Hadejia, Gongola, and Kaduna rivers), the Western Uplands (Moshi, Awun, Ogun,
Osun, Osse rivers), the Eastern Highlands (Katsina-Ala, Donga rivers) and the Uri Plateau (Anambra, Imo
and Cross rivers).

According to the 2008 State of the Environment Report (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2008), the total
surface water resources potential for Nigeria is estimated at 267.3 billion m3 while the groundwater potential is evaluated at 51.9 billion m3, giving a total of 319.2 billion m3. In addition, the number of
relatively large dams completed or under construction is about 160 with a total active storage of 30.7
billion m3.

Demography

Even if there exist no precise statistics on the Nigerian population, various sources tend to agree that it is
th
the most populated country in Africa and ranked 7 at world level in 2015. According to the Director
General of the Nigerian National Population Commission (NPC) the country’s population reached
182 million by late 2016 (Vanguard, 2016; Nigeria, NPC, 2017). This estimate was based on the last
Population and Housing Census done in 2006 and using an annual growth rate of 3.5% weighed against
other variables such as rising life expectancy and a declining infant mortality rate. According to the World
Bank ( [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NG](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NG) accessed 19 February 2021), the
Nigerian population stood at 201 million in 2019.

7^{\\mathrm{t h}}

Economic profile

Nigeria is a lower middle-income country. According to World Bank statistics, since 2012, the year during
which it overtook South Africa, it has become the largest economy in Africa. In 2019, at constant 2010
USD, the Nigerian GDP stood at 479.75 billion and the GDP per capita was 2,387. Figure ES-1 illustrates the
evolution of Nigeria’s GDP during the period 2000 to 2019 (source World Bank, 2020).

Figure ES-1 - GDP of Nigeria in constant 2010 USD and current USD

Between 2000 and 2014 the economy grew steadily at an average rate of 7% per year (Figure ES-2).
Following the combined oil price collapse in 2014-2016 and negative production shocks, the gross
domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropped to 2.7% in 2015 In 2016 during its first recession in 25 years,
the economy contracted by 1.6%. Since 2017, the economy has recovered and a growth of 2.2% was
recorded in 2019 (Figure ES-2) (source World Bank, 2020).

Key economic sectors

Energy

* * *

Figure ES-2 - Nigeria’s GDP growth and inflation rate

Oil and natural gas
Nigeria has the second largest proven crude oil reserves of Africa and according to Abstract of Statistics

Nigeria has the second largest proven crude oil reserves of Africa and according to Abstract of Statistics
2016 (NBS, 2017) of the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics, the reserves stood at 37,448.25 million
barrels in 2014. During the same period, the country produced some 700 million barrels of crude oil
whereas it exported 600 million barrels annually. The oil fields are in the south, specifically in the Niger
delta and offshore in the Gulf of Guinea. Current exploration activities are mostly focused in the deep and
ultra-deep waters offshore, with some activities in the Chad basin, located in the northeast of the country.

In general, the exploitation of petroleum resources in the last four decades has resulted in massive
injection of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere as well as considerable environmental problems. This
makes the sector an important one in the discussion of GHG-induced climate change, its consequences,
and the need for mitigation and adaptation relative to this sector. A significant amount of Nigeria’s gross
natural gas production is flared (burned off) because some of Nigeria's oil fields lack the infrastructure
needed to capture the natural gas produced with oil, known as associated gas. In 2014, Nigeria flared 10.73
billion m3 of its associated gas production, or 12% of its gross production. However, while Nigeria still flares
a significant portion of its gross natural gas production (12% in 2014), the amount of gas flared has been
reduced by over 50% over the past decade to reduce GHG emissions and mitigate climate change.

Biomass
Nigeria is the third world largest producer of bioenergy, after China and India, respectively. In 2010, the

Wind: Wind is not a major source of energy in Nigeria. In 2011, Nigeria had only 2 MW of installed capacity
(WEC, 2013).

* * *

spent nuclear fuel has also been prepared. It includes an option for use when repatriation of spent fuel is not possible (ECN, 2012).

## Geothermal: The literature indicates that more studies are necessary, but current indications point to the

potential for geothermal energy (Zira, 2013), with the geothermal gradient of the Anambra Basin ranging from 2.5 to 4.9 o C /100m and that of the Bida Basin from 2 to 2.5 o C/100m.

**Solar: Nigeria lies within a high sunshine belt and thus has enormous solar energy potentials. Solar** radiation is fairly well distributed with an average of about 19.8 MJm –2 day -1 and an average sunshine hours of 6 hours day -1 . If solar collectors or modules were used to cover 1% of Nigeria’s land area, it is possible to generate 1850 x10 3 GWh of electricity per year, which is over one hundred times the current grid electricity consumption in the country. But this potential is yet to be properly harnessed. Nigeria is estimated to have only 20 MW of solar energy installed (REN21, 2014).

**Hydro: Nigeria is reasonably endowed with large rivers and few natural falls. Small rivers and streams also** exist within the present split of the country’s eleven River Basin Authorities, some of which maintain minimum discharges all year round. In a study carried out in twelve states and four river basins, over 278 unexploited small hydropower (SHP) sites with a total potential of 734.3 MW were identified. However, SHP potential sites exist in virtually all parts of the country with an estimated total capacity of 3,500 MW. They indicate that Nigeria possesses potential renewable sources of energy along her numerous river systems, a total of 70 micro dams, 126 mini dams and 86 small sites have been identified.

**Agriculture** The agriculture sector is a very important component of the Nigerian economy. Almost 78% of the total land mass of the country, representing 708,000 km2, are under agriculture. Of these, 48.0% constitute arable lands, 42.8% are under permanent meadows and pastures, and the remaining 9.2% are under permanent crops.The sector is also the largest employer of the country and accounted for 25.1% of GDP (at constant basic price) in 2017. Crop production is by far the most important component of the agriculture sector, contributing 90% to the total GDP of the sector. Climate change poses a threat to Nigerian agriculture-the World Bank recently predicted an up to 30% drop in the country’s crop output due to erratic rainfall and higher temperatures.

## Human Health

In 2010, The National Strategic Health Development Plan (NSHDP) 2010 - 2015 (Nigeria-FMOH, 2010) described Nigeria’s health situation as follows: “The health indicators for Nigeria are among the worst in _the world. Nigeria shoulders 10% of the global disease burden and is making slow progress towards_ _achieving the 2015 targets for the health related Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). The health_ _indicators in Nigeria have largely remained below country targets and internationally-set benchmarks due_ _to weaknesses inherent in its health system.” In 2017, current health expenditure stood at 3.8 % of GDP._

Nonetheless, Nigeria made some progress in the achievement of the health related MDGs. Development indicators (WHO, 2015) showed the need for more concerted efforts in this sector. The prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases like malaria (141 in 100,000), tuberculosis (282 in 100,000), HIV/AIDS (3.9% of the population) and Schistosomiasis among others, remains very high. Furthermore, illnesses such as diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, often associated with increasing socio-economic wellbeing, are becoming significant health problems in the country (Babatimehin, 2003). Only 48% of the population has “sustainable” access to clean water and a lower proportion (44%) has good sanitation (World Bank, 2008).

**Transportation** Air, rail, pipelines, road and water transportation facilities are available in the country but the most important in terms of functionality and number of patrons is road. The total length of Federal Government

xxiv highways is about 34,340 km. States also make complementary investments on high grade road development. The total railway length is about 4,000 km while water and air transportation are the least developed. The country has close to 8,600 km of water ways, the longest being on River Niger and the Benue system. Governments, at both the state and federal levels, are investing on airports to increase access to air travel. The contribution of the transport sector to GDP in 2017 was 1.2 % (at constant basic price) and considered as well below the required threshold for a sector that plays a major role in the nation’s development.

## Information and Communication

Within the Information and Communication sector which contributed 11.4% (at constant basic price) to GDP in 2017, Telecommunication & Information Services are by far the most important economic drivers. Though Nigeria has less than a million landlines it boasts certainly more than 100 million mobile cellular subscribers. The advent of mobile communication in the late 1990s has revolutionized the sector and impacted positively on the socio-economic development of the country. Incentives are being provided to enhance the development of information and communications technology (ICT) and its enabling infrastructure for every part of the country, including the rural areas. While encouraging investment in ICT, appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks are being put in place to safeguard the investments. In 2017, the Telecommunication & Information Services contributed 8.7% (at constant basic price) to GDP, showing its importance in the country’s economy (National Bureau of Statistics, 2016).

**Manufacturing** The manufacturing sector has the potential to boost economic growth and stimulate employment generation, wealth creation and poverty eradication. The sector, handicapped by low-capacity utilization, did not perform as expected for a long time. The country’s vision for the manufacturing sector is ‘a _technologically driven and globally competitive manufacturing sector, with a high level of local content and_ _contributing a high proportion of the National GDP’. The stated focus of increasing annual growth in the_ manufacturing sector from 8% in 2005 to a minimum of 35.9% on the average annually (Vision 2020 Technical Report on Manufacturing) would no doubt have serious implications for energy use and climate change in the very near future. In 2017, the Manufacturing sector contributed 9.2% (at current basic price) to GDP.

## Power sector

Power supply in Nigeria is a big challenge to the economy of the nation. Despite efforts by various governments and huge sums of money invested in the sector, the power supply is still inefficient and this hampered industrial development of the country. The per capita power consumption of 151 kWh per year in Nigeria is in the lower end of the spectrum in the African continent.

The 23 grid-connected generating plants in operation in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) has a total installed capacity of only 11,165 MW and an available capacity of 7,139.6 MW as of June 2016. Equally, most of the generation is thermal based with an installed capacity of 9,044 MW (81% of the total installed capacity) and an available capacity of 6,079.6 MW (83% of the total available capacity). At present, less than half of Nigeria’s population has access to grid-connected electricity.

The Electric Power Sector Reform Act was passed in 2005 to reposition the sector by changing its structure, and privatizing generation and distribution while retaining transmission under Government control. Today, Nigeria has 12.5 GW of installed capacity, but less than one third is operational (average of 3.9 GW in 2015; 3.0 GW in November 2016). Overall, only about 15% of installed capacity is eventually distributed to end-users, resulting in a huge shortage of electricity supply across the country.

A report on the National Water Resources Master Plan by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources in 2016 revealed that Nigeria has hydropower potential of about 12,220 MW, of which only about 1,930 MW has

xxv been developed from Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro dams. There are also existing dams with a combined potential hydropower capacity of over 200 MW that are yet to be exploited while four dams that are under study and design have a combined potential of about 4,320 MW, namely Mambilla (3,050 MW), Gurara 11 (360 MW), Dasin Hausa (150 MW) and Zungeru (760 MW).

**Wetlands** Wetlands are "areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, … with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish _or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres" (Ramsar_ Convention, 1975). They support rural livelihoods serving for crop production, grazing animals, fishing, and harvesting of medicinal plants among others. The fadama1 projects have hung on their potentials. Wetlands are also important for biodiversity promotion. Nigeria presently has 11 sites designated as Wetlands of international importance, with a surface area of 1,076,728 hectares.

# Environmental Challenges

The main environmental challenges in Nigeria are land degradation, environmental pollution, floods, and erosion. Land degradation is stemming from many factors, including pressure on the land resources, which lead to deforestation or de-vegetation and eventually unproductive land. Environmental pollution is a serious challenge, especially around the major urban areas.

## Climate Change

Accelerated climatic changes are expected to lead to potentially large impacts across Africa, including in Nigeria in the future. The scale of climate change will increase with higher global levels of GHG concentration from anthropogenic emissions. Climate models suggest that Africa’s climate will generally become more variable, with high levels of uncertainty regarding climate projections in the Africa Sahel zone. Temperatures in West Africa, and particularly the Sahel, have increased more sharply than the global trend, and the average predicted rise in temperature between 1980/99 and 2080/99 is between 3°C and 4°C, which is more than 1.5 times the average global trend. For Nigeria, a sea level rise of 1 m could result in the loss of 75% of the Niger Delta (IPCC, 2007).

**Deforestation** Nigeria is well endowed with forest resources, but their excessive exploitation is a source of concern and threat for the economic, social, and environmental context. Apart from providing a large proportion of the global supply of timber and fuel, forests also provide a wide range of non-wood products and environmental functions. These products include bush meat, medicine, watershed protection, stabilisation of the hydrological regime and carbon sequestration. Forests regulate global climate and act as a major agent of carbon exchange in the atmosphere (Obioha, 2009).

Deforestation is a significant environmental issue in Nigeria because of the direct impacts of the growing demand for land for various other uses, including agriculture, settlement development, logging, fuel wood extraction, transport facility development and mining.

Virtually almost all the forests in the country may have now disappeared due in part to the mismanagement of the country’s natural areas. In the 1980s, about 400 hectares of forest and woodland out of every 1000 hectares suffered from deforestation while only 26 hectares were reforested on an annual basis (UNDP Nigeria, 1996). A review of data available from national sources, USGS and FAO indicated a rate of deforestation of around 114,000 ha or 0.72 % annually. To protect natural areas for ecological purposes, efforts need to be made to intensify forest preservation, encourage the use of

In Nigeria, the term “Fadama” is a Hausa name for irrigable land—usually low-lying plains underlaid by shallow aquifers found along major river systems.

xxvi alternatives to wood and continue sensitize the communities on the need to protect the forests. Desertification is also a key environmental challenge in the northern parts of the country.

According to Obioha (2009), Nigeria has been losing about 351,000 km2 of landmass to the desert, which is advancing southward at the rate of 0.6 km annually. Other authors have reported a desert encroachment rate of 1 km per year with the same general southward trend.

**Floods** Floods in the last two decades have become more frequent everywhere in the country. Inadequate watershed management, unplanned rapid urbanization, blockage of river/drainage channels through careless waste disposal, poor land use practices, land clearing for agricultural purposes, sub-standard dam construction and deforestation among other factors influence the occurrence and severity of flooding in the country. The most flood-prone areas include:

- The low-lying coastal areas of southern Nigeria such as Calabar, Warri, Port-Harcourt and Lagos where annual rainfall is high. The adverse impacts of flooding are felt more seriously when stormy weather coincides with high tides.
- The floodplains of the major rivers such as the Niger, Benue, Gongola, Sokoto, Hadejia, Katsina-Ala, Donga, Kaduna, Gurara, Ogun and Anambra.
- The flat, low-lying areas around and to the South of Lake Chad which may be flooded during and even a few weeks after the rains.

## Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is increasing due to large human population concentrations, industrial activities, agricultural change, use of new technologies, increase in recycling of items particularly metal and consumer products, and, poor institutional, logistic and policy frameworks for managing pollutants. Air pollution is influenced by many factors, particularly industrial activities and use of spent automobile engine oil. Water pollution results mainly from the discharge of household and industrial effluents as well as petroleum products through oil spills into water bodies and streams. The use of fertilizers and other farm inputs are also contributing factors to soil and water pollution in many parts of the country.

**Waste** The burden of waste management is growing everywhere, more particularly in the urban areas. The total amount of domestic waste per annum in Nigeria is estimated at about 36 million tonnes (0.50 kg/capita/day) and is increasing according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (personal communication, 2019). The problem is largely with collection and disposal. Waste is indiscriminately disposed of in many areas, and solid waste dumps dot the urban landscape in many parts of the country. Only about 44% of waste in Nigeria is collected (NBS, 2019), leaving so much unattended to. Generally, there are inadequate facilities for refuse collection and management in many parts of the country.

# Economic and developmental challenges

While Nigeria has made some progress in socio-economic terms in recent years, its human capital development remains weak due to under-investment and the country ranked 152 out of 157 countries in the World Bank’s 2018 Human Capital Index (World Bank, 2019). The Nigerian economy continues to be dominated by the oil sector which fetches more than 90% of the foreign exchange for the country. The impact of the sector is however little felt by most of the people. Hence, the massive developmental challenges which Nigeria must face include the need to reduce the dependency on oil and diversify the economy, address insufficient infrastructure, and build strong and effective institutions, as well as governance issues and public financial management systems.

xxvii

* * *

According to the World bank (2019), inequality in terms of income and opportunities has been growing rapidly and has adversely affected poverty reduction. The North-South divide has widened in recent years due to the Boko Haram insurgency and a lack of economic development in the northern part of the country. Large pockets of Nigeria’s population still live in poverty, without adequate access to basic services, and could benefit from more inclusive development policies. The lack of job opportunities is at the core of the high poverty levels, of regional inequality, and of social and political unrest in the country. Hence, the critical economic issues concern is the need to foster sustainable rapid economic growth that will cater for the needs of over 200 million people.

# ES 2. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

## Introduction

In line with articles 4 and 12 of the UNFCCC, which state that non-Annex I Parties should include information on a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by source and absorption by sinks of all GHG not controlled by the Protocol of Montreal, within the limits of their possibilities, using in its preparation the comparable methodologies promoted and approved by the Conference of Parties. Nigeria has prepared and submitted two GHG inventories for the base years of 1994 and 2000. So far, Nigeria has compiled and submitted four GHG inventories, the latest in 2020 as a component of the NC3.

Decision 18/CMA.1 introduced the Enhanced Reporting Framework of the Paris Agreement, and Annex III to this decision provides the Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines for presenting results of the GHG inventories of NAI Parties as National Inventory Reports (NIRs) on a stand-alone basis or as a component of the Biennial Transparency Reports (BTRs). Being a signatory Party to the Paris Agreement, Nigeria is presenting the results of this inventory in a stand-alone inventory report (NIR1) in preparation towards meeting the ETF.

## Institutional arrangements

The DCC of the FME has the responsibility of climate change activities in the country. DCC is one of six technical departments in Nigeria’s FME. It has four divisions, each responsible for a major thematic area of climate change. One of these is the GHG Division within which rests the responsibility of producing the GHG inventories for reporting to the Convention. The institutional arrangements and GHG inventory management system are more fully described in the NIR1 and the chapter on MRV.

The compilation and production of a national GHG inventory requires the successful implementation of well-defined steps. While Nigeria lacked a fully-fledged GHG inventory management system and perfect institutional arrangements (IA) when producing the inventory for the BUR1, the BUR2 offered the opportunity for the GHG inventory team members to understand and implement the steps of the inventory cycle with the support of the international consultant.

## Coverage

This GHG inventory covers the whole territory of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and estimates are computed at the national scale.

The national GHG inventory includes estimates for the four IPCC sectors, Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste. However, the categories and subcategories of these sectors have not been fully exhausted due to lack of AD in some cases. The coverage of activity areas is provided under the completeness section of this chapter.

The GHG inventory includes emissions of the direct GHGs carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Additionally, estimates of the GHG precursors oxides of nitrogen (NOX), carbon monoxide

xxviii

* * *

(CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were made as appropriate.

Estimates have been made for the year 2017. In line with the requirement to provide a trend of estimates, the period 2000 to 2017 has been adopted. Furthermore, for the sake of consistency for reporting, estimates for the years 2000 to 2016 have been recalculated whenever required, and using the same methodology and data sources to reflect improved AD or EFs as appropriate.

# Method

Estimates of GHG emissions provided in this report have been compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories (IPCC 2007) and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance (GPG) and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (IPCC 2000). The purpose of adopting these guidelines and the GPG is to ensure that the GHG emission estimates are Transparent, Accurate, Complete, Consistent and Comparable (TACCC) as far as possible. Results of the KCA from the GHG inventory of the NC3, availability of resources, existing capacity and availability of AD dictated the level for estimating emissions of categories and allocation of limited resources for compilation of the inventory.

# Completeness

Results of the GHG inventory of the NC3, availability of resources, existing capacity, availability of activity data and national emission factors dictated the choice of source categories to be included for compilation. A prioritization exercise was conducted, and the highest emitting source categories were privileged. For this inventory, one more category, namely coal mining has been included.

# Data Sources

Activity data used in the compilation of this inventory were sourced from a combination of national and international institutions. During data collection, priority was given to data generated within the country. However, in cases where the required data was not available in the country, data from credible international organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA), United Nations databases, World Bank and FAO were used.

# QA/QC procedures

QC and QA procedures, as defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 2007) have yet to be implemented by Nigeria during the preparation of the inventory. Again, this is being addressed within the UNFCCC project and will be further developed within the contemplated Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) project when funds become available. It is anticipated that a first QA / QC plan as per IPCC standard will be developed and implemented when the next inventory will be compiled.

Given these circumstances, the only QC that could be done was through comparison of national data sets with those from international databases and through assessment of consistency of the time series data.

QA has not been done on a routine basis as per IPCC recommendations for this inventory except for the one by the independent international consultant who was not involved with the preparation of the inventory.

Additionally, Nigeria volunteered to the UNFCCC and Global Support Programme undertaking a QA exercise on its inventory compilation process adopted for the NC3. The recommendations from the QA exercise, were addressed partially but still need further improvement.

xxix

* * *

Uncertainty Assessment

For this Inventory, a Tier 1 uncertainty analysis of the aggregated figures as required by the 2006 IPCC
Guidelines, Vol. 1 (IPCC, 2007) was performed. Based on the quality of the data and whether the EFs used
were defaults or nationally derived, uncertainty levels were assigned to the two parameters and the
combined uncertainty calculated using the tool available within the IPCC inventory software.

Uncertainty levels for the individual years of the period 2000 to 2017 varied from 8.3% to 19.0% while the
trend assessment, when adding one successive year on the base year 2000 for the years 2001 to 2017,
ranged from 10.9% to 13.9%.

National emissions

Nigeria remained a net emitter over the period 2000 to 2017 as the emissions from all categories
combined exceeded the removals from the Land category. The total emissions increased by 213,768 Gg
from 464,416 Gg in 2000 to 678,184 Gg in 2017, representing an increase of 46% over these 18 years.
During the same period, the country recorded a regression of 23% in removals, from 5,908 Gg CO₂-eq to
4,543 Gg CO₂-eq. The trend for the period 2000 to 2017 indicates that national net emissions increased
from 458,509 Gg CO₂-eq in 2000 to 673,641 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table ES-1). It is however comforting as
the per capita emissions and GDP emissions index regressed over the period 2000 to 2017 from 3.78 to
3.55 tonnes and from 100 to 53.7 respectively (Table ES-1).

Nigeria remained a net emitter over the period 2000 to 2017 as the emissions from all categories
combined exceeded the removals from the Land category. The total emissions increased by 213,768 Gg
from 464,416 Gg in 2000 to 678,184 Gg in 2017, representing an increase of 46% over these 18 years.
During the same period, the country recorded a regression of 23% in removals, from 5,908 Gg CO₂-eq to
4,543 Gg CO₂-eq. The trend for the period 2000 to 2017 indicates that national net emissions increased
from 458,509 Gg CO₂-eq in 2000 to 673,641 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table ES-1). It is however comforting as
the per capita emissions and GDP emissions index regressed over the period 2000 to 2017 from 3.78 to

C0\_{2}e q q

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

\ 0\_{2}e q mathfrak

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

Table ES-1 - GHG emissions (Gg CO₂-eq) characteristics (2000 – 2017)

c0\_{2}-e q)

| Year | Total emissions | AFOLU removals |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 464,416 | -5,908 |
| 2001 | 487,874 | -5,786 |
| 2002 | 481,500 | -5,651 |
| 2003 | 510,402 | -5,623 |
| 2004 | 524,605 | -5,551 |
| 2005 | 548,799 | -5,339 |
| 2006 | 551,157 | -5,226 |
| 2007 | 560,673 | -5,225 |
| 2008 | 569,396 | -5,069 |
| 2009 | 563,147 | -4,925 |
| 2010 | 596,171 | -4,796 |
| 2011 | 603,628 | -5,336 |
| 2012 | 617,328 | -4,277 |
| 2013 | 633,014 | -5,021 |
| 2014 | 658,761 | -5,345 |
| 2015 | 676,641 | -4,830 |
| 2016 | 661,261 | -4,791 |
| 2017 | 678,184 | -4,543 |

| Net | Per capita emission(t) | GDP emissions index(Year 1994=100) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 458,509 | 3.78 | 100.0 |
| 482,088 | 3.87 | 99.2 |
| 475,849 | 3.73 | 84.9 |
| 504,779 | 3.85 | 83.8 |
| 519,054 | 3.86 | 78.9 |
| 543,460 | 3.93 | 77.5 |
| 545,930 | 3.85 | 73.4 |
| 555,449 | 3.81 | 70.0 |
| 564,327 | 3.77 | 66.6 |
| 558,222 | 3.63 | 61.0 |
| 591,375 | 3.74 | 59.8 |
| 598,292 | 3.69 | 57.5 |
| 613,052 | 3.67 | 56.4 |
| 627,993 | 3.66 | 54.2 |
| 653,416 | 3.71 | 53.1 |
| 671,811 | 3.71 | 53.1 |
| 656,469 | 3.54 | 52.7 |
| 673,641 | 3.55 | 53.7 |

Key Category Analysis

There are 16 key categories in the quantitative level assessment for the year 2017, the main one being
Forestland remaining Forestland responsible for 46.9% of emissions, attributed to the combined effect of
deforestation and wood removals for various uses. The other important emitting categories are from the
Oil industry (8.8%), Gaseous Fuels under Energy Industries (8.2%), Road Transportation (5.3%), Enteric
Fermentation (5.2%) and Natural Gas (4.6%). These key categories account for a total of 78.9% of the total emissions. There are only twelve key categories in the trend assessment when compared to the level one.
The three main contributors in the trend assessment are Forestland remaining Forestland, Gaseous Fuels
under Energy Industries and Oil with more than 20% each, totalling 68.1% of the national emissions.

Constraints and Gaps

Nigeria still faces serious challenges to report to the required standards to the Convention, including the
inventory component. To reduce uncertainties and aim at producing an inventory in line with TACCC
principles and the ETF of the PA, Nigeria strengthened the personnel of the DCC, its national GHG
inventory management system and institutional arrangements. One major challenge for estimating
emissions was gaps in AD. The latter are not readily available. Thus, substantial data were sourced from
international databases or extrapolated based on existing AD obtained from the Federal Institutions.

National GHG Inventory Improvement Plan

Based on the constraints, gaps and other challenges encountered during the preparation of the present

Based on the constraints, gaps and other challenges encountered during the preparation of the present
inventory, a list of the most urgent improvements has been identified. Some of these have been
addressed during the preparation of the NIR1 within the framework of the BUR2. However, most of the
items still need further improvement and it is planned to cater for them during future inventory cycles
and within the framework of the CBIT project in addition to the UNFCCC project providing support for the
development and operationalization of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management System (GHGIMS).

Based on the constraints, gaps and other challenges encountered during the preparation of the present
inventory, a list of the most urgent improvements has been identified. Some of these have been
addressed during the preparation of the NIR1 within the framework of the BUR2. However, most of the
items still need further improvement and it is planned to cater for them during future inventory cycles
and within the framework of the CBIT project in addition to the UNFCCC project providing support for the
development and operationalization of the Greenhouse Gas Inventory Management System (GHGIMS).

ES 3. Mitigation actions and their effects
Nigeria has been active in implementing mitigation actions for quite some time to honour its

ES 3. Mitigation actions and their effects
Nigeria has been active in implementing mitigation actions for quite some time to honour its
commitments as a signatory Party to the Convention. It implemented numerous Clean Development
Mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol and national ones using its own resources. This is reflected
in the decrease observed in the per capita emissions and GDP emissions index during the period 2000 to
2017 (Figure ES-3).

Nigeria’s latest mitigation assessment is available in the NC3 (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2020). The
mitigation assessment was guided by the declared LCD agenda of the country in line with the various
sectoral policies and plans developed within the framework of the NCCPRS. Given the urgency to curb
maximum emissions as per the PA, Nigeria has privileged the highest emitting sectors, namely AFOLU and
Energy, which represented 94% of emissions in the NC3 (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2020) and in this
inventory for 2017 also. The mitigation analysis consisted of an evaluation of the emissions reduction
potential of deliberate measures in the different socio-economic sectors of the economy.

* * *

Table ES-2 - Mitigation measures identified in Nigeria’s TNC

| Economic sector | Measures |
| --- | --- |
| Energy(Energy Industries) | Penetration of Renewable Energy to the electricity Grid |
| Energy(Oil and Gas production) | Elimination of flaring of associated gas in the Nigerian oil and gas sectors |
| Energy(Industry and residential) | Energy Efficiency MeasuresCombined Heat and Power (CHP) ProgramPenetration of Rooftop Solar PVs for Off-grid power generationCooking fuels switchEfficient Fuelwood Cookstoves Program |
| Energy(Transport) | BRT Transport Program |
| AFOLU(Land) | Forest management(Afforestation, reforestation and reduction in wood removals) |

The LEAP model was used to simulate and project emissions reductions for the year 2035 for the identified
mitigation measures. The cumulative mitigation potential of the measures evaluated in the mitigation
assessment is estimated at 170 million tonnes CO2-eq in the year 2035. The AFOLU (Land) sector is
projected to contribute 110 million tonnes and the Energy sector the remaining 60 million tonnes.

For the year 2019 under review, it is estimated that the CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) projects
have resulted in an emission reduction of the order of 6,967 thousand tonnes annually, the PoA projects
to a reduction of 215 thousand tonnes while emissions avoided by the locally funded projects have not
been exhaustively estimated and thus not quantified and presented here. This is due to the lack of an
operational MRV mitigation system.

ES 4. Information on domestic Measurement Reporting and Verification

A preliminary analysis, performed in view of the development of the domestic MRV system for tracking
emissions, mitigation activities, and support needed and received, revealed the need for removal of
numerous barriers, lack of appropriate legal framework, insufficient capacity and resources. The best
option is viewed as being the strengthening of the existing monitoring and evaluation framework to
upgrade it to the MRV system. The MRV system should reflect Nigeria’s national circumstances with the
underpinning legal framework spanning over different administration/government levels. It will contain

A preliminary analysis, performed in view of the development of the domestic MRV system for tracking
emissions, mitigation activities, and support needed and received, revealed the need for removal of
numerous barriers, lack of appropriate legal framework, insufficient capacity and resources. The best
option is viewed as being the strengthening of the existing monitoring and evaluation framework to
upgrade it to the MRV system. The MRV system should reflect Nigeria’s national circumstances with the
underpinning legal framework spanning over different administration/government levels. It will contain

underpinning legal framework spanning over different administration/government levels. It will contain
both mandatory and voluntary components. The FME will spearhead the domestic MRV system in

collaboration with the other Federal Ministries through the line MDAs and State government
representatives within the Inter-Ministerial Committee on climate change. The DCC of the FME, as the

collaboration with the other Federal Ministries through the line MDAs and State government
representatives within the Inter-Ministerial Committee on climate change. The DCC of the FME, as the

representatives within the Inter-Ministerial Committee on climate change. The DCC of the FME, as the
focal entity, will coordinate and supervise the institutional arrangements through its technical departments, themselves overseeing the more detailed activities of the thematic working groups. The latter will comprise representatives from various line ministries, state and local governments, private sector, civil society organizations, educational and research organizations as appropriate according to specificity of activities. The inter-ministerial committee provides a common coordination platform to harness the many relevant climate change related datasets that are available in different government departments and in private organizations.

# GHG Inventory Management System

Following the preparation of the FNC, SNC, NC3 and BUR1, Nigeria seized the opportunity in 2018 to implement a robust GHGIMS following recommendations of the UNFCCC. In line with the recommendations and guidance, Nigeria began their in-house production of the GHG inventory of the BUR2 through the GHG inventory division of DCC in collaboration with other institutions concerned with the compilation of the inventory. An international company was contracted to provide support and backup on the development and implementation of the GHGIMS as well as on the compilation process while providing capacity building to staff of the GHG inventory division and other national experts on the technical aspects of the inventory. The transition was not fully successful, but some progress has been recorded in the development and implementation of the GHGIMS. The key achievement is the mapping of institutions to ensure completeness of the inventory. The results led to their integration in the newly created sectoral working groups Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste. It should however be highlighted that this is still a major challenge for the country and it will take time to develop and implement the GHGIMS, make it fully operational and sustainable over time. Hence, capacity building will be an integral part when developing the GHGIMS including the Institutional Arrangements. Nigeria relies on the support of bilateral and multilateral partners to fully implement its sustainable GHGIMS. MRV of emissions

MRV of emissions seeks to measure, report and verify quantifiable emissions data at national, regional and plant levels for activities falling under the four IPCC sectors to track implementation of the NDC. FME, as focal point of the UNFCCC, has tasked DCC with collating and integrating information on climate change implementation across all MDAs under the supervision of the Inter-ministerial Committee on climate change.

Consequently, the GHG Division of the DCC oversees all activities of the system for MRV of emissions. The National Bureau of Statistics supports DCC GHG inventory Division for collecting the bulk of activity data required from public institutions and private sector companies. Most line ministries, including Departments under their purview, State and local governments and the civil society also contributes as suppliers of data as members of the working groups.

The sectoral working groups are responsible for the compilation and estimation of emissions. Thus, they are responsible for QA/QC of all activity data, entering these into the software including the associated level of uncertainties, analysing emission factors and choosing the most appropriate ones along with their uncertainty levels, estimating emissions, performing KCA, Uncertainty Analysis and identifying constraints, gaps and needs for inclusion in the NIIP. Sectoral working groups are also responsible for documenting the whole process and reporting for their respective sector. DCC takes charge of compilation at the national level and the preparation of the report, its review by stakeholders, approval, and submission to the COP.

# MRV mitigation actions including NAMAs

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) are the central instruments within the UNFCCC framework to support developing countries’ efforts in achieving the GHG emission reduction targets of their NDCs during the transition to a low carbon economy. Other ongoing and new mitigation actions not falling under NAMAs cannot be neglected. Thus, MRV of NAMAs and other mitigation actions are essential

xxxiii to track progress and allow for backstopping of the mitigation programme. In addition, MRV cycles help to inform, understand, and correct deviations between projected and real performance, therefore triggering the necessary learning process and integration in the development plans.

The overall responsibility of the MRV system for mitigation, including NAMAs will rest with the FME through the Mitigation Division of the DCC supported by the GHG Inventory Division. The Mitigation Division will track and follow the different steps of the MRV system while estimation of emission reductions or removals stemming from the mitigation activity will be computed by the inventory team of the GHG inventory Division. The Measurement component will be under the responsibility of the Executing Entity (EE) which will also prepare regular monitoring reports and submit to the NAMA implementing Entity for follow-up. The latter will then submit to the NAMA Coordinating Agency, namely the Mitigation Division of the DCC for verification and approval for further transmission to the appropriate authority for verification. Once the latter process is satisfactorily completed, the final report will be prepared and submitted to the NAMA Donor or other collaborating/supporting partner depending on the type of NAMA. MRV of other mitigation activities will follow a similar process. The implementation details, support received, emission estimates and other benefits derived from the activity will then be included in the next BUR or BTR for submission to the UNFCCC.

## MRV of support

Direct support from bilateral and multi-lateral partners for climate change activities has been of financial, technical, and technological nature notwithstanding capacity building of national experts on various thematic areas since Nigeria ratified the Convention. Additionally, Nigeria invested indirectly from its annual budget since it created a dedicated department, the DCC, within the FME. DCC has been further consolidated with the recruitment of additional staff members to enable it deliver on the enhanced reporting requirements, including the ETF of the PA. Similarly, although the FME is the focal point for activities falling under the UNFCCC and the international climate regime, nothing precluded other MDAs from cooperating and receiving support for their mandated activities that are climate related.

Given the new reporting context of the Convention and the need to track and monitor all support received, Nigeria is conscious that to face this new challenge it must work on developing and establishing rapidly a sustainable system for MRV of support. Existing institutional arrangements aimed at monitoring climate change activities could be exploited after appropriate changes and improvements to meet the challenges for MRV of support. The personnel involved with CDM and GEF projects could be reorganized into a division within DCC, with the mandate of tracking support received and needed for reporting in BURs and BTRS. The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change can act as the platform for collating all information pertaining to support for climate change related activities from all Federal Ministries. The latter can themselves collect the same information from the State Governments and the private sector under their jurisdiction. The information provided as per an agreed template can then be processed, documented, and archived by the DCC of the FME for retrieval when preparing the BURs and BTRs.

**ES 5. Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity needs, including a description of support needed and received**

## Introduction

Nigeria recognizes the support received from bilateral and multilateral partners to tackle climate change. However, it is obvious that the level of support received to-date has not been sufficient to enable Nigeria to actively play its role as it would have wished. The country is highly vulnerable, and the priority has been to invest national resources available for adaptation rather than mitigation to guarantee the well-being of the poorest segments of the population, including the more vulnerable groups and women, doubly so

xxxiv within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nigeria still faces numerous constraints and gaps of financial, technical and technological nature that the country will have to address in addition to capacity building to be able to cope with the threats posed by climate change. These constraints, gaps and needs relate to its obligations for reporting and implementation of the Convention.

# GHG inventory

The major constraint faced in the estimation of GHGs emissions for the four IPCC sectors was the lack of good quality activity data. This lack of consistent activity data and process information resulted in heavy reliance on international data sources and generation of missing activity data to fill the gaps when estimating GHGs emissions and sinks within the country. National emission factors more appropriate to suit national circumstances for use with the higher tier methods were also not available. Nigeria is also still in the process of developing and implementing a high-quality GHG inventory management system with robust institutional arrangements for sustainable production of inventories. The effort is however slowed down by the lack of a pool of national experts able to compute GHG inventories on a facility, sectoral, regional, state, and national level.

# Mitigation

Nigeria has already implemented several CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol, and more recently, the country identified and reported clear mitigation opportunities for the medium term in its NDC, presently under revision to make it more ambitious. However, Nigeria is yet to develop its first NAMA due to lack of capacity, specifically, a well-computed inventory at facility level with proper baselines due to constraints and gaps reported associated with the GHG inventory. Overall, information on mitigation actions and their effects are very scarce and limited. While there are tremendous efforts made to mitigate the effects of climate change, this information is either unavailable or in most cases non-existent, as there is no centralized system of reporting or data collection on mitigation in the country. Information on climate change policies and larger national actions are usually available, but this information only contains the basic elements like programme name, implementation agency, and objective; with little to no information outlining the effects of the mitigation actions, emissions avoided, and benefits obtained.

# Measurement, Reporting and Verification

Up to now, data collection for reporting in NCs has been on an ad-hoc basis, but this is not suitable for BURs which need a systematic and sustainable system. The key limitation of the present monitoring and evaluation system is the absence of systematic collection of data along with proper documentation and archiving. The development and implementation of the domestic MRV system will need to integrate various ministries, other government institutions, the private sector, and the civil society. Additionally, there will be the need to develop the appropriate human, technical and technological capabilities to make the process a success.

# Technology transfer

Successful technology transfer is of utmost importance when tackling climate change issues. Nigeria still lacks an in-depth technology needs assessment and transfer to address climate change problems. Constraints and gaps relating to technology transfer in the context of mitigation and adaptation to climate change exist and will have to be corrected.

# Support received and needed

Nigeria lacks systematic documentation in most areas including support received. Where such related support has been received, the information is not readily available in the public domain. The difficulty in locating such information is because most of the support is non-monetary and little weight is attached to

xxxv it for national accounting purposes, resulting in insufficient motivation to record, report and account for them. No exhaustive assessment of support needed to implement fully all identified mitigation and adaptation actions has been made. Nigeria has not yet conducted and documented a comprehensive financial, technical assistance, technology transfer and capacity building needs assessment for climate change. The extent of financial assistance required is also not provided and it is planned to start work on this aspect to provide the information in the next BUR.

# ES 6.

xxxvi

* * *

1.1 Geographical situation

The Federal Republic of Nigeria, commonly referred to
as Nigeria, is located at the extreme inner corner of the
Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa between
latitudes 3°15’ to 13°30’ N and longitudes 2°59’ to
15°00’ E. It borders Benin in the west, Niger in the
north, Chad, and Cameroon in the east, and its coast in
the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic
Ocean (Figure 1.1).

3^{\\circ}15^{\\prime}

2^{\\circ}59^{\\prime}

13^{\\circ}30^{\\prime}

15^{\\circ}00^{\\prime}

th
Nigeria is the 14 largest country in Africa with a land
area of 923,768 km2 of which land comprises
910,768 km2 and water accounts for 13,000 km2. It has
a total boundary length of 4,900 km, including 853 km
of coastline (Nigeria, 2017).

14^{\\mathrm{t h}}

13,000,\\mathsf{k m}^{2}.

923,768~\ \\mathsf{k m}^{2}

Figure 1.2 - Geopolitical zones of Nigeria
\[Image: Im4\]

1.2 Governance

Figure 1.1 - Location map of Nigeria
\[Image: Im6\]

Legislature and a Judiciary. The legislative structure is bicameral with upper and lower chambers at the
Federal level while state governments and Local Councils operate a single legislative chamber. A judicial
structure erected in all three tiers of government completes the operational framework for checks and
balances and separation of powers in governance as enshrined in the Constitution. The Constitution
further provides for the operation of three tiers of government, at the federal, state and local levels
(Nigeria, 2014).

Nigeria is a federal presidential
republic. It comprises 36 states
and the Federal Capital Territory
(FCT), where the capital, Abuja is
located. Nigeria is officially a
democratic secular country. The
states and FCT are further subdivided into 774 Local
Government Areas, or Area
Councils, for grassroot
administration. The 36 states are
grouped into six geopolitical
zones for political and
development purposes. These
are shown in Figure 1.2. The
Constitution of the country
provides for a presidential
system of government in which
there is an Executive, a
Legislature and a Judiciary. The legislative structure is bicameral with upper and lower chambers at the

* * *

# 1.3 Convention Obligations

Under Article 4.1 (a) of the Convention, each Party has to develop, periodically update, publish and make available to the Conference of the Parties (COP), in accordance with Article 12, national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to the extent its capacities permit, using comparable methodologies to be promoted and agreed upon by the COP.

As a Non-Annex 1 Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and more specifically as directed by Paragraph 60 (c) of decision 1/CP.16 Nigeria is obliged to report certain elements of information as follows:

_Developing countries, consistent with their capabilities and the level of support provided for_ _reporting, should also submit biennial update reports containing updates of national greenhouse_ _gas inventories, including a national inventory report and information on mitigation actions, needs_ _and support received._

Since the inception of joint global actions on climate change arising from the Rio Conventions of 1992, Nigeria has been active on many fronts. In 2003, it submitted its First National Communication (FNC). It prepared other major documents including the National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action (NASPA) to guide its adaptation efforts. A National Climate Change Policy and Response Strategy (NCCPRS) has been adopted in 2012. These two policies pave the way for Nigeria to contribute to limiting Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and the resulting global warming and adapt to the impacts of climate change stemming from the global warming. There have also been efforts to strengthen the institutional arrangements for climate change response in the country. One major aspect of this is the upgrading of the Special Climate Change Unit (SCCU) to a Department of Climate Change (DCC) in the Federal Ministry of Environment (FME). The Second National Communication (SNC) was submitted in 2014, the Third National Communication (NC3) in 2020 and the First Biennial Update Report (BUR) in 2017, thus furthering the country’s obligations to the UNFCCC and enabling the latter to capture progress on the implementation of the Convention. Nigeria also submitted the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions to the UNFCCC within the framework of the Paris Agreement in 2015.

# 1.4 Institutional arrangements

The DCC of the FME was set up to implement the Nigerian Government’s “commitment to introducing and _implementing adaptation and mitigation measures necessary to reduce vulnerability to climate change”._

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

- Green House Gas division (GHG)
- Vulnerability and Adaptation division
- Education, Awareness and Outreach division
- Mitigation division
  In addition to the operations carried out by these divisions, DCC is also the convener and chair of the Inter- Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (ICCC). The functional organogram of DCC is depicted in Error! **eference source not found. and a detailed description is provided in the MRV chapter of this report.**

**Figure 1.3 - Organogram for implementing climate change activities**

# 1.5 Climate

Nigeria is located primarily within the lowland humid tropics. The climate of Nigeria is mainly influenced by three major air masses: the tropical maritime (mT), the tropical continental (cT) and the equatorial easterlies (Ojo, 1977; Iloeje, 1981).

Nigeria is generally characterized by a high temperature regime almost throughout the year. In the far south, mean maximum temperature is 32 o C while in the north it is 41 o

C. However, the mean minimum
temperature is 21 o C in the south and below 13 o C in the north which has a much higher annual range. The mean temperature for the country is 27 o C, in the absence of altitudinal modifications. Over the last few decades, there has been a general increase in temperature throughout Nigeria.

The climate of the country varies from a very wet coastal area with annual rainfall greater than 3,500 mm to the Sahel region in the northwest and north-eastern parts, with annual rainfall less than 600 mm. The annual variation of rainfall, particularly in the northern parts, is large. This often results in climatic hazards, especially floods and droughts, which bring in their wake much suffering with devastating effects on food production and the nation’s economy. Recent studies have revealed declining trends in rainfall. Often, substantial parts of Nigeria receive less than 75% of their annual rainfall and this is particularly worrisome in the north.

# 1.6 Relief, drainage and water resources

Nigeria has two main relief regions: the high plateaux ranging between 300 and more than 900 m above sea level, and the Lowlands, which are generally less than 300 m (Iloeje, 1981; Jeje and Adesina 1995). The

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

high plateaux include the north central plateau, the eastern and north-eastern highlands, and the western uplands. The Lowlands comprise the Sokoto plains, the Niger-Benue trough, the Chad Basin, the interior coastal lowlands of western Nigeria, the lowlands and scarp lands of south eastern Nigeria and the coastlands.

The Niger Delta is a low-lying region, cut up by a complicated system of natural channels through which the River Niger finds its way to the sea. It is made up of three distinct sub-regions. These are (a) the freshwater zone (b) the mangrove swamps, and (c) the zone of coastal sands and beach ridges. The freshwater zone, which starts from the apex of the delta, just below the town of Aboh, is essentially an extension of the lower Niger floodplains. The numerous water channels in this zone are bordered by natural levees, which provide the sites for most of the settlements and farmlands in the zone. The mangrove swamps, covering about 10,360 km2 and located to the south of the freshwater swamps, are sparsely settled. Strips of sandy beaches and ridges, which vary from a few meters to some 16 km, separate the mangrove swamps from the open sea. In addition to natural levees, ox-bow lakes are common landforms in the Niger Delta. The high rainfall in the region, coupled with the abundance of surface water and the flat terrain, create a serious drainage problem, and makes road construction very difficult.

Most of the country’s rivers take their sources from four main hydrological basins: the North Central plateau (Sokoto-Rima, Hadejia, Gongola, and Kaduna rivers), the Western Uplands (Moshi, Awun, Ogun, Osun, Osse rivers), the Eastern Highlands (Katsina-Ala, Donga rivers) and the Uri Plateau (Anambra, Imo and Cross rivers). These drainage and relief features of the country have impacts on water resources and land use potentials of the country, particularly for agriculture. According to the 2008 State of the Environment Report (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2008), the total surface water resources potential for Nigeria is estimated at 267.3 billion m3 while the groundwater potential is evaluated at 51.9 billion m3, giving a total of 319.2 billion m3. In addition, the number of relatively large dams completed or under construction is about 160 with a total active storage of 30.7 billion m3.

# 1.7 Vegetation

Nigeria’s vegetation is largely a reflection of its tropical climate. Hence, the distribution of the native vegetation types tends to follow the climatic patterns as described below and illustrated in Figure 1.4.

**Salt and freshwater swamps are found along the coast, stretching inland for 1 to 2 km in the Lagos region** to over 30 km in areas regularly inundated by salty tidal waters. They occupy 2,130,000 and 858,000 ha of the terrestrial lands respectively, making a total of 2,988,000 ha (Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team, 1991; Olalekan et al., 2014). The saline wetlands are predominantly covered with mangrove species _Rizophora mangle (red mangrove) and R. racemosa. Beyond the reach of the tidal waters, the mangroves_ give way to freshwater plants, the most important ones being Pandanus sp., Dalburger escatophylum and _Machaerum lunatus._

The tropical lowland rainforest belt lies to the north of the salt and freshwater swamps and consists of a dense evergreen vegetation of tall trees with undergrowth of small trees, shrubs, and grasses. The rainforests are dominated by three layers of tree crowns, with the tallest trees being more than 36 m in height (Richards, 1977). Wherever the forest is relatively untouched, the top canopy becomes closely interlocked, preventing the sun from reaching the ground, resulting in the forest floors being completely devoid of plants.

The Guinea savanna is the most extensive vegetation belt in Nigeria and is associated with areas receiving 1,000 to 1,500 mm of annual rainfall spread over up to 6 months. It consists of a mix of trees and grasses,

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

with trees being more numerous in sparsely settled areas. The trees are distinctive, typically fire-tolerant to the annual bush fires that are common in the savanna. Some of the common species are Vitellaria _paradoxa, Parkia biglobosa and Danielia oliveri. Along the riverbanks of the savanna are finger-like_ extensions of the lowland rainforests known as gallery forests.

The Sudan savanna belt occurs north of the Guinea savanna with rainfall of about 600 to 1000 mm and up to 6 months of dry season. It stretches from the Sokoto Plains to the Chad Basin, covering over a quarter of the country’s land area. The vegetation consists of grasses 1 to 2 m high and often stunted trees such as the acacia, gum Arabic, date palm, and baobab.

**The Sahel savanna, the last of the main vegetation belts of Nigeria, occurs in the extreme northeast where** the annual rainfall is less than 500 mm and the dry season exceeds 8 months. The atmosphere is dry except for one to two months in the middle of the short-wet season. The grasses are short and tussock, 0.5 to 1.0 m high between sand dunes. Acacia is the dominant species in this zone, although date palms appear here and there. The swampy shores of Lake Chad support tall reeds growing on seasonally flooded flat land.

**Figure 1.4 - Nigeria Agro-Ecological Zones / Vegetation**

# 1.8 Land Resources and uses

The total land area of about 923,769 km2 constitutes a huge resource for Nigeria. It is a critical factor of Nigeria’s environment since it significantly supports basic socio-economic and cultural activities. Land use is thus the critical factor responsible for the environmental changes taking place at various scales in the country. The demographic increase associated with the needs of the population have led to the conversion of more than 60% of the country’s pristine land for anthropogenic activities, with agriculture responsible for the larger proportion of this. Conversion of land to agriculture is predominant in the savanna. Concurrently, high rates of change are also observed to account for settlements and open mines, with changes increasing between 1 to 2% annually (USAID, 2017).

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

Originally, Nigeria was covered by a variety of forests and wooded savannas which constituted some of
the richest ecosystems in terms of biodiversity (Keay, 1989). These natural plant covers had been sources
of wood and other nature-based resources for several centuries, and as long as population pressure was
light, their exploitation was sustainable. With the rapid population growth and its demands, the extraction
has resulted in deforestation as well as de-vegetation of the savanna at unsustainable rates. The effect of
deforestation and de-vegetation is considerable for the country as the two related phenomena amount to
resource degradation and ecological losses especially with respect to biodiversity loss, soil erosion, and
reduction of the carbon “sink” of the country.

1.9 Coastal and Marine Environment
The marine and coastal environment is an important ecological zone in Nigeria. It extends inland by about

The marine and coastal environment is an important ecological zone in Nigeria. It extends inland by about
15 km in the Lagos area, 150 km in the Niger Delta and 25 km east of the Delta. It consists of barrier bar /
lagoon systems, the Mahin mud coast, the Niger Delta, Strand coast and a moderately wide continental
shelf. The dominant feature of this environment is the Niger Delta, which covers an area of about 70,000
km2 and one of the largest wetlands in the world (FAO, 2006). The marine and coastal environment
harbours more than 20% of the country’s population with major centres such as Lagos, Port Harcourt and
Benin City.

The coastal environment houses the oil and gas industry of Nigeria. Although the oil sector has experienced
some setbacks in the recent past, particularly due to the downturn in the world oil market, the sector has
remained the main source of foreign exchange earnings for Nigeria. The coastal environment also has nonfuel minerals like sand and heavy minerals. It also supports agriculture and fish production. Many
recreational and touristic resources including beaches, coastal lagoons and estuaries are also found in this
zone. For many reasons such as vibrant local economies, population concentrations and closeness to
shipping facilities, almost half of Nigeria’s industries are located within the coastal zone (HBF, 2008).

1.10 Demography
Even if there exist no precise statistics on the Nigerian population, various sources tend to agree that it is

Even if there exist no precise statistics on the Nigerian population, various sources tend to agree that it is
th
the most populated country in Africa and ranked 7 at world level in 2015. According to the Director
General of the Nigerian National Population Commission (NPC) the country’s population had reached
182 million by late 2016 (Vanguard, 2016; Nigeria, NPC, 2017). This estimate was based on the last
Population and Housing Census done in 2006, using an annual growth rate of 3.5% weighed against other
variables such as rising life expectancy and a declining infant mortality rate. According to the World Bank
( [https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NG](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=NG), accessed 19 February 2021), the
Nigerian population stood at 201 million in 2019.

Two important demographic aspects need to be considered for the sustainable socio-economic
development of Nigeria:

* * *

1.11 Economic profile
Nigeria is a lower middle-income country. According to World Bank statistics, since 2012, the year during

Nigeria is a lower middle-income country. According to World Bank statistics, since 2012, the year during
which it overtook South Africa, it has become the largest economy in Africa. In 2019, at constant 2010
USD, the Nigerian GDP stood at 479.75 billion and the GDP per capita was 2,387. Figure 1.5 illustrates the
evolution of Nigeria’s GDP during the period 2000 to 2019 (source World Bank, 2020).

Figure 1.5 - GDP of Nigeria in constant 2010 USD and current USD

Between 2000 and 2014 the economy grew steadily at an average rate of 7% per year (Figure 1.6).
Following the oil price collapse in 2014-2016, combined with negative production shocks, the gross
domestic product (GDP) growth rate dropped to 2.7% in 2015. In 2016 during its first recession in 25 years,
the economy contracted by 1.6%. Since 2017, the economy has recovered and a growth of 2.2% was
recorded in 2019 (Figure 1.6) (source World Bank, 2020).

Figure 1.6 - Nigeria’s GDP growth and inflation rate

The services sector which had been driving the economy from 2006 to 2010 with an average annual growth
rate of 12.7%, started to decline as from 2011, averaging 5.8% growth up to 2015. The sector was severely
hit as from 2016 with an average negative growth rate of 0.8% which declined even further to -0.9% in
2017.

* * *

Growth of the industrial sector has been erratic during the period 2006 to 2017 – recovering from a period
of negative growth from 2006 to 2008 (average growth of -2.0%), then recording a period of erratic
positive growth from 2009 to 2014 (average growth of 4.6%) to finally recording two consecutive years of
negative growth in 2015 and 2016 before recording some recovery in 2017 with a positive growth of 2.1%.

During the 2002 to 2017 period, the agricultural sector exhibited some more resilience in that it did not
record any negative growth. However, growth gradually declined from an average of 7.0% during the
period 2006 to 2009 to an average of 3.8% during the period 2015 to 2017.

The economy is greatly influenced by the erratic growth pattern of the oil sector (Figure 1.7) as Nigeria
remains heavily dependent on oil revenues. In recent years, oil and gas have accounted for more than
90% of the country’s exports and more than 70% of consolidated budgetary revenue. Hence, while the oil
sector contributes less than 15% to total GDP and despite the contraction of that sector, inflows from oil
sales still play a significant role in the economy and have helped bolster domestic demand, thereby driving
economic growth (World Bank Group, 2015).

Figure 1.7 Growth rate of main economic sectors of Nigeria

Source: (The World Bank, 2017)
remains muted. According

Since 2015, economic growth remains muted. According to a World Bank report
( [https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview#1](https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/nigeria/overview#1)) , growth is too low to lift the bottom half
of the population out of poverty. The fragility of the agriculture sector weakens prospects for the rural
poor, while high food inflation adversely impacts the livelihoods of the urban poor. Despite expansion in
some sectors, employment creation remains weak and insufficient to absorb the fast-growing labour force,
resulting in a high rate of unemployment, with another 20% of the labour force underemployed.

Furthermore, the instability in the North and the resulting displacement of people contribute to the high
incidence of poverty in the North East.

* * *

# 1.12 Key economic sectors

## 1.12.1 Energy

Oil and natural gas, and biomass constitute the main sources of energy for Nigeria. There is, however, significant efforts to harness the high potentials available from solar and wind.

## 1.12.2 Oil and natural gas

Nigeria has the second largest proven crude oil reserves of Africa and according to Abstract of Statistics 2016 (NBS, 2017) of the Nigerian National Bureau of Statistics, the reserves stood at 37,448.25 million barrels in 2014. During the same period, the country produced some 700 million barrels of crude oil whereas it exported 600 million barrels annually. The oil fields are in the south, specifically in the Niger delta and offshore in the Gulf of Guinea. Current exploration activities are mostly focused in the deep and ultra-deep waters offshore, with some activities in the Chad basin, located in the northeast of the country.

In general, the exploitation of petroleum resources in the last four decades has resulted in massive injection of hydrocarbons into the atmosphere as well as considerable environmental problems. This makes the sector an important one in the discussion of GHG-induced climate change, its consequences, and the need for mitigation and adaptation relative to this sector.

Nigeria is one of the main gas producers in Africa and production is expected to double between now and 2030, increasing to about 400 billion m3 per annum. Proved recoverable reserves of natural gas in Nigeria at the end of 2011 were 5,110 billion m3. Current production, at 29 billion m3, is estimated to last more than 100 years (WEC, 2013). A significant amount of Nigeria’s gross natural gas production is flared (burned off) because some of Nigeria's oil fields lack the infrastructure needed to capture the natural gas produced with oil, known as associated gas. In 2014, Nigeria flared 10.73 billion m3 of its associated gas production, or 12% of its gross production and ranked as the world’s fifth-largest gas flaring country, accounting for 8% of the total amount flared globally in 2014 (EIA, 2016). However, it is worthy to note that while Nigeria still flares a significant portion of its gross natural gas production (12% in 2014), the amount of gas flared has regressed by more than 50% over the past decade. Nigeria now ranks as the fifth- largest natural gas flaring country, down from the second position it held in 2011. Several recently developed and upcoming natural gas projects that are focused on monetizing previously flared natural gas will further reduce the country’s contribution to global GHG emissions through gas flaring. This is proposed in the country’s NDC and expected for completion by 2030.

## 1.12.3 Biomass

Nigeria is the third world largest producer of bioenergy, after China and India, respectively. In 2010, the share of bioenergy of total primary energy supply was over 80% (WEC, 2013). In 2011, Nigeria was among the largest fuel wood producers, along with India, China, Brazil, and Ethiopia. The biomass resources of Nigeria can be identified as crop residues, forage grasses and shrubs, animal wastes and waste arising from forestry, municipal and industrial activities, as well as aquatic biomass. Crops such sweet sorghum, maize and sugarcane are the most promising feedstocks for biofuel production. It has been estimated that Nigeria produces about 227,500 tonnes of fresh animal waste daily. As 1 kg of fresh animal waste produces about 0.03 m3 biogas, Nigeria can potentially produce about 6.8 million m3 of biogas every day from animal waste only. Although biogas technology is not common in Nigeria, various studies have been carried out on the technology and policy aspects of biogas production by scientists in the country.

## 1.12.4 Other energy sources

**Coal: By the end of 2011, Nigeria had 21 million tonnes of proven recoverable bituminous coal reserves,** including anthracite (WEC, 2013). It is among the top 5 countries in Africa, by reserves.

### Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

**Wind: Wind is not a major source of energy in Nigeria. In 2011, Nigeria had only 2 MW of installed capacity** (WEC, 2013).

**Nuclear: Nigeria initially planned to have about 1000 MWe of nuclear power installed by 2017 and** 4000 MWe by 2027. A draft strategy for the safe and sustainable management of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel has also been prepared. It includes an option for use when repatriation of spent fuel is not possible (ECN, 2012).

## Geothermal: The literature indicates that more studies are necessary, but current indications point to the

potential for geothermal energy (Zira, 2013), with the geothermal gradient of the Anambra Basin ranging from 2.5 to 4.9 o C /100m and that of the Bida Basin from 2 to 2.5 o C/100m.

**Solar: Nigeria lies within a high sunshine belt and thus has enormous solar energy potentials. Solar** radiation is fairly well distributed with an average of about 19.8 MJm –2 day -1 and an average sunshine hours of 6 hours day -1 . If solar collectors or modules were used to cover 1% of Nigeria’s land area, it is possible to generate 1850 x10 3 GWh of electricity per year, which is over one hundred times the current grid electricity consumption in the country. But this potential is yet to be properly harnessed. Nigeria is estimated to have only 20 MW of solar energy installed (REN21, 2014).

**Hydro: Nigeria is reasonably endowed with large rivers and few natural falls. Small rivers and streams also** exist within the present split of the country’s eleven River Basin Authorities, some of which maintain minimum discharges all year round. In a study carried out in twelve states and four river basins, over 278 unexploited small hydropower (SHP) sites with a total potential of 734.3 MW were identified. However, SHP potential sites exist in virtually all parts of the country with an estimated total capacity of 3,500 MW. They indicate that Nigeria possesses potential renewable sources of energy along her numerous river systems, a total of 70 micro dams, 126 mini dams and 86 small sites have been identified.

# 1.12.5 Agriculture

The agriculture sector is a very important important component of the Nigerian economy. Almost 78% of the total land mass of the country, representing 708,000 km2, are under agriculture. Of these, 48.0% constitute arable lands, 42.8% are under permanent meadows and pastures and the remaining 9.2% are under permanent crops.The sector is also the largest employer of the country and accounted for 25.1% of GDP (at constant basic price) in 2017.

Crop production is by far the most important component of the agriculture sector, contributing 90% to the total GDP of the sector. Climate change poses a threat to Nigerian agriculture - the World Bank recently predicted an up to 30% drop in the country’s crop output due to erratic rainfall and higher temperatures.

# 1.12.6 Human Health

In 2010, The National Strategic Health Development Plan (NSHDP) 2010 - 2015 (Nigeria-FMOH, 2010) described Nigeria’s health situation as follows: “The health indicators for Nigeria are among the worst in _the world. Nigeria shoulders 10% of the global disease burden and is making slow progress towards_ _achieving the 2015 targets for the health related Millenium Development Goals (MDGs). The health_ _indicators in Nigeria have largely remained below country targets and internationally-set benchmarks due_ _to weaknesses inherent in its health system.” In 2017, current health expenditure stood at 3.8 % of GDP._

According to the same report, the key challenges for achieving Nigeria’s national health objectives were related to:

- the weak health system characterized by constrained governance systems and structures,

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

- low levels of health care financing and poor predictability and release of funds with inadequate financial protection for the poor,
- shortage and non-uniform distribution of human resources for health,
- poor quality service delivery,
- inadequate and untimely availability of quality health commodities,
- lack of routine health services data,
- low levels of research for health,
- weak partnership and coordination,
- poor community participation and poor utilization of health services, particularly child and maternal services.
  Nonetheless, Nigeria made some progress in the achievement of the health related MDGs. Development indicators (WHO, 2015) showed the need for more concerted efforts in this sector. The prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases like malaria (141 in 100,000), tuberculosis (282 in 100,000), HIV/AIDS (3.9% of the population) and Schistosomiasis among others, remains very high. Furthermore, illnesses such as diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases, often associated with increasing socio-economic wellbeing, are becoming significant health problems in the country (Babatimehin, 2003). Only 48% of the population has “sustainable” access to clean water and a lower proportion (44%) has good sanitation (World Bank, 2008).

# 1.12.7 Transportation

Air, rail, pipelines, road and water transportation facilities are available in the country but the most important in terms of functionality and number of patronage is road. The total length of Federal Government highways is about 34,340 km. States also make complementary investments on high grade road development. The total railway length is about 4,000 km while water and air transportation are the least developed. The country has close to 8,600 km of water ways, the longest being on River Niger and the Benue system. Governments, at both the state and federal levels, are investing on airports to increase access to air travel. In general, every facet of transportation is inadequate or inefficient. Roads are often in a state of disrepair or incapable of handling the ever-increasing traffic volume. This has impacted negatively on the socio-economic development of the country. The contribution of the transport sector to GDP in 2017 was 1.2 % (at constant basic price) and considered as well below the required threshold for a sector that plays a major role in the nation’s development.

# 1.12.8 Information and Communication

Within the Information and Communication sector which contributed 11.4% (at constant basic price) to GDP in 2017, Telecommunication & Information Services are by far the most important economic drivers. Though Nigeria has less than a million landlines it boasts certainly more than 100 million mobile cellular subscribers. The advent of mobile communication in the late 1990s has revolutionized the sector and impacted positively on the socio-economic development of the country. Incentives are being provided to enhance the development of information and communications technology (ICT) and its enabling infrastructure for every part of the country, including the rural areas. While encouraging investment in ICT, appropriate legal and regulatory frameworks are being put in place to safeguard the investments. In 2017, the Telecommunication & Information Services contributed 8.7% (at constant basic price) to GDP, showing its importance in the country’s economy (National Bureau of Statistics, 2016).

# 1.12.9 Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector has the potential to boost economic growth and stimulate employment generation, wealth creation and poverty eradication. The sector, handicapped by low-capacity utilization, did not perform as much as expected for a long time.

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

The country’s vision for the manufacturing sector is ‘a technologically driven and globally competitive _manufacturing sector, with a high level of local content and contributing a high proportion of the National_ _GDP’. The stated focus of increasing annual growth in the manufacturing sector from 8% in 2005 to a_ minimum of 35.9% on the average annually (Vision 2020 Technical Report on Manufacturing) would no doubt have serious implications for energy use and climate change in the very near future. In 2017, the Manufacturing sector contributed 9.2% (at current basic price) to GDP.

## 1.12.10 Power sector

Power supply in Nigeria is a big challenge to the economy of the nation. Despite efforts by various governments and huge sums of money invested in the sector, the power supply is still inefficient and this hampered industrial development of the nation. The per capita power consumption of 151 kWh per year in Nigeria is among the lower end of the spectrum in the African continent.

The 23 grid-connected generating plants in operation in the Nigerian Electricity Supply Industry (NESI) has a total installed capacity of only 11,165 MW and an available capacity of 7,139.6 MW as of June 2016. Equally, most of the generation is thermal based with an installed capacity of 9,044 MW (81% of the total installed capacity) and an available capacity of 6,079.6 MW (83% of the total available capacity).

Hydropower from three major plants accounts for 1,938.4 MW of total installed capacity and an available capacity of 1,060 MW (54.7%) with limited contributions by non-hydropower renewable sources making up the remainder. At present, less than half of Nigeria’s population has access to grid-connected electricity.

The Electric Power Sector Reform Act was passed in 2005 to reposition the sector by changing its structure, and privatizing generation and distribution while retaining transmission under Government control. Today, Nigeria has 12.5 GW of installed capacity, but less than one third is operational (average of 3.9 GW in 2015; 3.0 GW in November 2016). Overall, only about 15% of installed capacity is eventually distributed to end-users, resulting in a huge shortage of electricity supply across the country.

A report on the National Water Resources Master Plan by the Federal Ministry of Water Resources in 2016 revealed that Nigeria has hydropower potential of about 12,220 MW, of which only about 1,930 MW has been developed from Kainji, Jebba and Shiroro dams. There are also existing dams with a combined potential hydropower capacity of over 200 MW that are yet to be exploited while four dams that are under study and design have a combined potential of about 4,320 MW, namely Mambilla (3,050 MW), Gurara 11 (360 MW), Dasin Hausa (150 MW) and Zungeru (760 MW).

## 1.12.11 Wetlands

Wetlands are "areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, … with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish _or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres" (Ramsar_ Convention, 1975). They support rural livelihoods serving for crop production, grazing animals, fishing, and harvesting of medicinal plants among others. The fadama2 projects have hung on their potentials. Wetlands are also important for biodiversity promotion. Nigeria presently has 11 sites designated as Wetlands of international importance, with a surface area of 1,076,728 hectares.

# 1.13 Environmental Challenges

The main environmental challenges in Nigeria are land degradation, environmental pollution, floods, and erosion. Land degradation is stemming from many factors, including pressure on the land resources, which

In Nigeria, the term “Fadama” is a Hausa name for irrigable land—usually low-lying plains underlaid by shallow aquifers found along major river systems.

### Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

lead to deforestation or de-vegetation and eventually unproductive land. Environmental pollution is a serious challenge, especially around the major urban areas.

# 1.13.1 Climate Change

Accelerated climatic changes are expected to lead to potentially large impacts across Africa, including in Nigeria in the future. The scale of climate change will increase with higher global levels of GHG concentration from anthropogenic emissions. Climate models suggest that Africa’s climate will generally become more variable, with high levels of uncertainty regarding climate projections in the Africa Sahel zone. Temperatures in West Africa, and particularly the Sahel, have increased more sharply than the global trend, and the average predicted rise in temperature between 1980/99 and 2080/99 is between 3°C and 4°C, which is more than 1.5 times the average global trend. For Nigeria, a sea level rise of 1 m could result in the loss of 75% of the Niger Delta (IPCC, 2007).

# 1.13.2 Deforestation

Nigeria is well endowed with forest resources, but their excessive exploitation is a source of concern and threat for the economic, social, and environmental context. Apart from providing a large proportion of the global supply of timber and fuel, forests also provide a wide range of non-wood products and environmental functions. These products include bush meat, medicine, watershed protection, stabilisation of the hydrological regime and carbon sequestration. Forests regulate global climate and act as a major agent of carbon exchange in the atmosphere (Obioha, 2009).

Deforestation is a significant environmental issue in Nigeria because of the direct impacts of the growing demand for land for various other uses, including agriculture, settlement development, logging, fuel wood extraction, transport facility development and mining.

Virtually almost all of the forests in the country may have now disappeared due in part to the mismanagement of the country’s natural areas. In the 1980s, about 400 hectares of forest and woodland out of every 1000 hectares suffered from deforestation while only 26 hectares were reforested on an annual basis (UNDP Nigeria, 1996). A review of data available from national sources, USGS and FAO indicated a rate of deforestation of around 114,000 ha or 0.72 % annually. To protect natural areas for ecological purposes, efforts need to be made to intensify forest preservation, encourage the use of alternatives to wood and continue sensitize the communities on the need to protect the forests. Desertification is also a key environmental challenge in the northern parts of the country.

According to Obioha (2009), Nigeria has been losing about 351,000 km2 of landmass to the desert, which is advancing southward at the rate of 0.6 km annually. Other authors have reported a desert encroachment rate of 1 km per year with the same general southward trend.

# 1.13.3 Floods

Floods in the last two decades have become more frequent everywhere in the country. Inadequate watershed management, unplanned rapid urbanization, blockage of river/drainage channels through careless waste disposal, poor land use practices, land clearing for agricultural purposes, sub-standard dam construction and deforestation among other factors influence the occurrence and severity of flooding in the country. The most flood-prone areas include:

- The low-lying coastal areas of southern Nigeria such as Calabar, Warri, Port-Harcourt and Lagos where annual rainfall is high. The adverse impacts of flooding are felt more seriously when stormy weather coincides with high tides.

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

- The floodplains of the major rivers such as the Niger, Benue, Gongola, Sokoto, Hadejia, Katsina-Ala, Donga, Kaduna, Gurara, Ogun and Anambra.
- The flat, low-lying areas around and to the South of Lake Chad which may be flooded during and even a few weeks after the rains.

## 1.13.4 Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution is increasing due to large human population concentrations, industrial activities, agricultural change, use of new technologies, increase in recycling of items particularly metal and consumer products, and, poor institutional, logistic and policy frameworks for managing pollutants. Air pollution is influenced by many factors, particularly industrial activities and use of spent automobile engine oil. Water pollution results mainly from the discharge of household and industrial effluents as well as petroleum products through oil spills into water bodies and streams. The use of fertilizers and other farm inputs are also contributing factors to soil and water pollution in many parts of the country.

## 1.13.5 Waste

The burden of waste management is growing everywhere, more particularly in the urban areas. The total amount of domestic waste per annum in Nigeria is estimated at about 36 million tonnes (0.50 kg/capita/day) and is increasing according to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (personal communication, 2019). The problem is largely with collection and disposal. Waste is indiscriminately disposed of in many areas, and solid waste dumps dot the urban landscape in many parts of the country. Only about 44% of waste in Nigeria is collected (NBS, 2019), leaving so much unattended to. Generally, there are inadequate facilities for refuse collection and management in many parts of the country.

# 1.14 Economic and development challenges

While Nigeria has made some progress in socio-economic terms in recent years, its human capital development remains weak due to under-investment and the country ranked 152 out of 157 countries in the World Bank’s 2018 Human Capital Index (World Bank, 2019). The Nigerian economy continues to be dominated by the oil sector which fetches more than 90% of the foreign exchange for the country. The impact of the sector is however little felt by most of the people. Hence, the massive developmental challenges which Nigeria must face include the need to reduce the dependency on oil and diversify the economy, address insufficient infrastructure, and build strong and effective institutions, as well as governance issues and public financial management systems.

According to the World bank (2019), inequality in terms of income and opportunities has been growing rapidly and has adversely affected poverty reduction. The North-South divide has widened in recent years due to the Boko Haram insurgency and a lack of economic development in the northern part of the country. Large pockets of Nigeria’s population still live in poverty, without adequate access to basic services, and could benefit from more inclusive development policies. The lack of job opportunities is at the core of the high poverty levels, of regional inequality, and of social and political unrest in the country. Hence, the critical economic issues concern is the need to foster sustainable rapid economic growth that will cater for the needs of over 200 million people.

## 1.15 Gender mainstreaming in climate actions and reporting

Gender mainstreaming in climate reporting is an issue which has not received enough attention in the past. During the preparation of this BUR2, more attention should have been given to this issue but has not been the case, notably because of the COVID-19 pandemic which limited severely physical interactions and the holding of workshops. In view of promoting gender considerations and balance in climate actions, Nigeria reviewed and launched its updated National Action Plan on Gender and Climate Change in Nigeria

### Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

in March 2021. Since the BUR2 was already finalized, gender integration has been done sparingly. In the
same context, one day was dedicated during the pre-validation workshop, attended by a wide range of
stakeholders, to assess integration in the BUR2 and make recommendations accordingly. The summary of
the gender session on gender is reproduced in Table 1.1. from the workshop proceedings. The gender
issue will be fully considered during the preparation of the next report to the UNFCCC.

Table 1.1 - Summary of gender analysis from pre-validation workshop

| Groups Gender Issues | Mitigation Strategies | Recommendations |
| --- | --- | --- |
| AGRICULTURE, FOREST AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) | \- Climate Smart Agriculture- Sustainable agricultural practices- Manure management- Intensive farming- Use renewable energy for fish processing and other cleaner sources- Forest conservation, alternative cooking energy sources, production and use of wood efficient stoves- Farmer-managed natural regeneration practice be adopted- Building green-build high rising to minimize space to be cleared. | \- Climate Smart Agriculture practice(s) required in crop and livestock production.- Use renewable energy for fish processing and other cleaner sources.- Forest conservation, alternative cooking energy sources, production and use of wood efficient stoves to mitigate deforestation.- Agro-forestry practices.- Advocate implementation of necessary national law that encourages green spaces in compounds. |
| ENERGY | \- Encourage women to Employ energy efficient kilns.- Employ clean energy using kilns.- Education and awareness to educate the women on available efficient technologies.- Mining & quarrying: The use of crushers in place of crude method where fuelwood is used as energy source.- Food, beverage and tobacco etc.: transition to cleaner and efficient energy sources.- Low emission mass transportation scheme- Use of renewable energy for lighting, cooling and heating.- Use of energy efficient technologies for cooking.- Transition from traditional biomass fuel to clean cooking fuels e.g. LPG, electricity, solar.(Has co-benefits | \- Need for detailed sectoral gender analysis taking cognisance of region and location specific needs e.g., north-south, and/or rural-urban differences. |
| Energy Industries: Women and men are involved in charcoal production.The business of charcoal production is open to both genders to operate.Women make decisions on production technology employed and volumes of charcoal production where they are the business owners.For the public electricity and crude oil refining, women are minority.Women are involved in the following industries: chemicals, food production, mining and quarrying, wood and wood products, textile and leather.Mining and quarrying: Women are actively involved in this activity; there is reasonable access to the mining sites though the control is skewed to favour the male population who makes decision.Food production: Women are the major players in cottage industries in the food, beverage and tobacco industry.For |  |  |
| \- example, garri production, oil processing, local beverage. Tobacco is male dominated | that serves as an adaptation measure). |  |
| \- Textile and leather: The cottage industries in textile subsector (tie & dye, weaving) are dominated by women in the south but by men in the north. While the leather is dominated by men. | \- Use of renewable energy and energy efficient technologies in agriculture, forestry, fishing and fish farms. |  |
| \- Chemicals: There is increased participation of women in the production of paints albeit in small scale. |  |  |
| \- Transport: The public transport sector is dominated by men, however in recent times, women have been increasingly involved in operating public transport vehicles (buses, tricycles, motorcycles). Furthermore, both men and women have equal access to transport facilities including aviation, etc. there is no restriction to travel placed on women, therefore the travel habits of the male and female population are near equal, contributing equally to total passenger kilometres. |  |  |
| \- Women use fuels for cooking, heating, cooling and lighting in the commercial sector. Women are the main operators of restaurants, cafeterias in public and private institutions their role as homemakers. |  |  |
| \- Fish farms are predominantly men owned but with increasing participation of women in operation of fish farms. |  |  |
| INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU) |  |  |
| \- Land - Government / men - Women are vulnerable in this sector | \- Cultural changes/ awareness Creation. | \- All government documents should be gender sensitive. |
| \- Electricity- Government/Private Sector - Gender sensitive | \- Map all the process line to understand the rate of men to women in use of raw materials. | \- Participation incentives: women need safe childcare options if they were to participate fully in the training. |
| \- Policies - Gender sensitive | \- Mainstreaming Gender in all Government policies. |  |
| \- Raw Resources - Gender Sensitive | \- Map all the process line to understand the rate of men to women in use of raw materials. | \- Safe spaces: Connecting women with role models can help build their confidence to navigate careers in the ICT sector and other male-dominated industries. |
| \- Technology - Gender Sensitive | \- Map all the process line to understand the rate of men to women in use of raw materials. |  |
| \- Manpower - Women are vulnerable |  |  |
| \- Finance - Women are vulnerable in terms of resource control |  |  |
| \- Incentives - Gender balance |  |  |
|  | -Identify processes/technologies that are gender friendly. | of work can restrict women's participation in the digital economy. |

- Flexible curriculum:There is need to address issues that has to do with male dominated jobs. \|
  \| WASTE \| \| \|
  \| -DOMESTIC WASTE:在 informal sector men usually take control over waste materials with higher value for recycling.It is also common to find that men mainly collect waste and sell the segregated material while women segregate the collected items at home and are responsible for disposing those with no value.
  -AGRICULTURAL WASTE ARE VERY UNIQUE AND BOTH GENDER INVOLVED.
  -Women play important and varied role in agriculture,but they are constrained by two important types of gender gaps.Women have unequal access,relative to men and to productive resources.Generally,men do the majority of field work.
  -MEDICAL WASTE:There is equal participation of men and women in terms of access,control&decision making.
  -INDUSTRIAL WASTE(WASTE FROM MARKETS,WASTE FROM MANUFACTURING PROCESSING)
  -Women are predominantly active in waste from markets. \| -Segregation of municipal solid waste at source.
  -Awareness campaign on proper waste disposal method.
  -Discouraging burning of municipal solid waste.
  -Proper waste recycling.processes to be encouraged.
  -Anaerobic digestion method for liquid waste disposal. \| -Proper disposal of medical waste by incineration.
  -Proper constructed and well-managed land fill method of municipal waste disposal should be encouraged.
  -Proper enforcement of municipal solid waste disposal laws and regulations.
  -Waste disposal policy review should be given attention. \|

* * *

# National Greenhouse Gas Inventory

## 2.1 Background

Nigeria has submitted four national GHG inventories to-date as components of national reports, three in NCs and one in its BUR1 to meet its reporting obligations. The latest GHG inventory was presented in the NC3 in 2020. This GHG inventory is being compiled within the framework of the preparation of the BUR2. It builds up on the one presented in the NC3 and includes an additional year as well as recalculations as appropriate for the period 2000 to 2016. Nigeria is presenting its first national inventory report (NIR1) on a stand-alone basis in line with the new reporting requirements in accordance with Decision 18/CMA.1 for maximizing transparency as advocated under the Paris Agreement, and is also including in a condensed format as a chapter of the BUR2. Readers are referred to the NIR1 for full details concerning this inventory chapter.

The preparation of the present inventory started in 2019 and two years were allocated to implement and complete the different steps of the inventory cycle as depicted in Figure 2.1. However, the process was not successful due to limited capacity and the lack of a robust GHG inventory management system (GHGIMS). In fact, all previous GHG inventories were compiled by local consultancy firms. Considering the higher frequency of preparation and submission of national reports, the higher standard and quality, and the ETF of the PA, Nigeria decided to transition from outsourcing to in-house production of the national reports, including the GHG inventories. However, because the existing GHGIMS is not well structured and robust enough to undertake the full compilation of the inventory due to serious lack of capacity, Nigeria resorted to consultants to support staff of the DCC and the working groups while providing capacity building to prepare for future reporting. This challenge is also being addressed presently within the framework of the UNFCCC project, Setting-Up Sustainable National GHG Inventory Management Systems, to support developing countries.

The Initial and Second NCs of the Republic of Nigeria provided information on the National Inventory of GHGs for base years 1994 and 2000. These inventories were compiled at Tier 1 level using the Revised _1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC, 1997). The activity areas covered_ were somewhat limited in the first inventory and more categories were gradually addressed as the compilation progressed from one inventory to the next. The third inventory presented in the BUR1 and the fourth in the NC3 were submitted to the UNFCCC in 2018 and 2020, respectively. These inventories have been compiled mostly at the Tier 1 level. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines and software were used for compiling the last two inventories.

## 2.2 Framework and cycle for inventory preparation

Nigeria kick-started the in-house production of its GHG inventory by DCC which was supported by other institutions concerned with the compilation of the inventory. An international company was contracted to provide support and backup on the compilation process while providing capacity building to staff of the GHG Division of DCC and other national experts on the technical aspects of the inventory. The country also benefited from the services of an international consultant made available by the UNFCCC to support development and implementation of the GHGIMS for sustainable compilation of GHG inventories. The UNFCCC project followed a quality assurance exercise done by the secretariat. The transition was not fully successful, but some progress was recorded in the development and implementation of the GHGIMS.

### Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

The existing GHGIMS, inclusive of the institutional arrangements for compiling the inventory, is being strengthened. The existing institutional arrangements which is being consolidated are provided in the MRV chapter of the BUR2 under the latter system for tracking emissions.

The compilation and production of a national GHG inventory requires the successful implementation of well-defined steps through a well-structured, robust GHGIMS. Ideally, the GHGIMS should cater for the following:

- Smooth management and coordination of the inventory process
- Institutional arrangements inclusive of clearly agreed roles and responsibilities of stakeholders participating in the process.
- Allocation of tasks to teams for activities of the inventory cycle.
- A National data collection framework to ensure an automatic flow as per the timing of the inventory cycle.
- Necessary arrangements such as memorandum of understanding (MoU) and legislations to guarantee an automatic flow and timely availability of the required data.
- A functional QA / QC system including the plan for its implementation.
- Systematic documentation of all data and other information used during the process, and
- An appropriate archiving system for storage of all information pertaining to all inventories compiled by the country.
  Nigeria lacked a fully-fledged GHGIMS and appropriate institutional arrangements and the inventory for the BUR2 offered the platform for the GHG inventory team members to understand and implement the steps of the inventory cycle with the support of the international consultant. This was done within the existing framework, the objective being to capacitate the national experts in implementing the steps provided in Figure 2.1 as part of the GHGIMS.

**Figure 2.1 - The inventory cycle of Nigeria**

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

The different steps adopted for the preparation of the inventory were:

x Review of previous inventory and prioritisation of resources.

x Collection, quality control and validation of AD.

x Selection of Method - Tier level for each category and sub-category.

x Selection of emission factors (EFs) and Derivation of local EFs wherever possible.

x Validation of AD and EFs during a workshop serving for capacity building concurrently.
x Computation of GHG emissions.

x Computation of GHG emissions.

x Key Category Analysis.

x Uncertainty analysis.

x QA / QC of emission computations and estimates.

x Assessment of completeness.

x Recalculations.

x Trend analysis.

x Identification of gaps, constraints and needs.

x Preparation of a National Inventory Improvement Plan.

x Preparation of the draft NIR.

x Circulation of draft NIR to stakeholders for comments.

x Integration of stakeholder’s comments.
x Validation of NIR, and

x Validation of NIR, and

x Submission of NIR to UNFCCC as a stand-alone document and as a chapter of the BUR2.

2.3 Overview of the inventory

This GHG inventory covers the whole territory of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and estimates are
computed at the national scale.

Estimates have been made for the year 2017. In line with the requirement to provide a trend of estimates,
the period 2000 to 2017 has been adopted. Furthermore, for the sake of consistency for reporting,
estimates for the years 2000 to 2016 have been recalculated whenever required, and using the same
methodology and data sources to reflect improved AD or EFs as appropriate.

(\\mathtt{C O}\_{2})

(N\_{2}O)

(\\mathrm{N O}\_{x})

({\\sf S O}\_{2})

* * *

is to ensure that the GHG emission estimates are Transparent, Accurate, Complete, Consistent and Comparable (TACCC) as far as possible.

A key category analysis (KCA) was conducted to identify activities in the four IPCC sectors responsible for 95% of national emissions and sinks within the economy, the objective being to identify which sources should be given priority for refining emission estimates. Results of the KCA from the GHG inventory of the NC3, availability of resources, existing capacity and availability of AD dictated the level for estimating emissions of categories. A prioritization exercise was conducted, and the highest emitting source categories were privileged, the intent being to improve estimates by moving to Tier 2. Selection of the Tier level was guided by the general decision-tree reproduced in Figure 2.2 and category specific decision trees provided in the Guidelines. Generally, the selection of the Tier level for all sectors was constrained by the limited availability of disaggregated AD (e.g., facility level data) and national EFs. This led to the adoption of the Tier 1 level for all categories estimated except LAND. Stock and EFs were generated for estimating emissions in this category using a mix of Tiers 1 and 2 as appropriate. National AD was complemented with those available in international databases and IPCC default EFs were used. Detailed descriptions of the methods adopted for generating missing data and equations used in each sector, including AD and EFs used, are provided in the NIR1.

**Figure 2.2 - Decision tree used to determine Tier Level method**

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

2.4 Key Category Analysis
KCA gives the characteristics of the emission sources and sinks. According to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines

KCA gives the characteristics of the emission sources and sinks. According to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines
(V1\_4\_Ch4\_Method\_Choice), key categories are those which contribute 95% of the total annual
emissions, when ranked from the largest to the smallest emitter. A key category is one that is prioritized
within the national inventory system because its estimate has a significant influence on a country’s total
inventory of direct GHGs in terms of the absolute level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both (IPCC,
2000). Thus, it is good practice to identify key categories, as it helps prioritize efforts and improve the
overall quality of the national inventory, while also guiding mitigation policies, strategies and actions.

Table 2.1 - Key Category Analysis for the year 2017 - Approach 1 - Level Assessment

The KCA was performed using the tool available within the IPCC inventory software for both the level and
trend assessments. The results for the level assessment for the year 2017 are presented in Table 2.1 and
the trend assessment in Table 2.2.

| AIPCCCategorycode | BIPCC Category | CGHG |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 3.B.1.a | Forest land Remaining Forestland | CO2 |
| 1.B.2.a | Oil | CH4 |
| 1.A.1 | Energy Industries-Gaseous Fuels | CO2 |
| 1.A.3.b | Road Transportation | CO2 |
| 3.A.1 | Enteric Fermentation | CH4 |
| 1.B.2.b | Natural Gas | CH4 |
| 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Biomass | CH4 |
| 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Liquid Fuels | CO2 |
| 3.C.4 | DirectN2OEmissions frommanaged soils | N2O |
| 4.D | Wastewater Treatment andDischarge | CH4 |
| 1.A.2 | Manufacturing Industries andConstruction-Gaseous Fuels | CO2 |
| 3.C.7 | Rice cultivation | CH4 |
| 4.A | Solid Waste Disposal | CH4 |
| 2.C.1 | Iron and Steel Production | CO2 |
| 4.D | Wastewater Treatment andDischarge | N2O |
| 3.C.5 | IndirectN2OEmissions frommanaged soils | N2O |

\| D"2017Ex,t(GgCO2-eq)” \| "\|Ex,t\|(GgCO2-eq)” \| FLx,t \| GCumulativeTotal ofColumn F \|
\| \-\-\- \| \-\-\- \| \-\-\- \| \-\-\- \|
\| 319,971 \| 319,971 \| 0.469 \| 0.469 \|
\| 60,314 \| 60,314 \| 0.088 \| 0.557 \|
\| 55,750 \| 55,750 \| 0.082 \| 0.639 \|
\| 36,000 \| 36,000 \| 0.053 \| 0.691 \|
\| 35,474 \| 35,474 \| 0.052 \| 0.743 \|
\| 31,184 \| 31,184 \| 0.046 \| 0.789 \|
\| 18,883 \| 18,883 \| 0.028 \| 0.817 \|
\| 16,997 \| 16,997 \| 0.025 \| 0.842 \|
\| 16,089 \| 16,089 \| 0.024 \| 0.865 \|
\| 15,332 \| 15,332 \| 0.022 \| 0.888 \|
\| 12,771 \| 12,771 \| 0.019 \| 0.906 \|
\| 9,572 \| 9,572 \| 0.014 \| 0.920 \|
\| 7,894 \| 7,894 \| 0.012 \| 0.932 \|
\| 6,360 \| 6,360 \| 0.009 \| 0.941 \|
\| 5,998 \| 5,998 \| 0.009 \| 0.950 \|
\| 5,255 \| 5,255 \| 0.008 \| 0.958 \|

\ {sf G}{\\sf g}{\\sf C O}\_{2}{{\\sf-}}{\\sf e}{\\sf q}{^{}}

n\|E x,t\|

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

\ {tt G G g}}{{\\tt o}\_{2}{\\tt-}}{\\tt e{}}{\\tt g}^{n}

1\\times,t1

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

{\\mathsf{C H}}\_{4}

{\\mathrm{C H}}\_{4}

{\\mathsf{C H}}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\\mathbb{N}\_{2}

\ {\\mathrm N{}}\_{2}{\\mathrm O}

{\\mathsf C{H}}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

{\\mathsf{C H}}\_{4}

{\\mathsf{C H}}\_{4}

There are 16 key categories in the quantitative level assessment for the year 2017, the main one being
Forestland remaining Forestland responsible for 46.9% of emissions, attributed to the combined effect of
deforestation and wood removals for various uses. The other important emitting categories are from the
Oil industry (8.8%), Gaseous Fuels under Energy Industries (8.2%), Road Transportation (5.3%), Enteric
Fermentation (5.2%) and Natural Gas (4.6%). These key categories account for a total of 78.9% of the total
emissions. The remaining key categories listed in Table 2.1 contribute the difference of 16.1% of the 95%
considered under the KCA.

\\mathbb{N}\_{20}

\\mathbb{N}\_{20}

* * *

The results change quite drastically when considering the trend assessment covering the period 2000 to
2017 (Table 2.2). There are now only twelve key categories compared to the level assessment. The three
main contributors in the trend assessment are Forestland remaining Forestland, Gaseous Fuels under
Energy Industries and Oil with more than 20% each, totalling 68.1% of the 95% of national emissions.

Table 2.2 - Key Category Analysis (2000 – 2017) - Approach 1 - Trend Assessment

| A | B | C | D |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| IPCC Category code | IPCC Category | GHG | 2000 Year Estimate Ex0(Gg CO2-eq) |
| 3.B.1.a | Forest land Remaining Forest land | CO2 | 256,674 |
| 1.A.1 | Energy Industries-Gaseous Fuels | CO2 | 6,999 |
| 1.B.2.a | Oil | CH4 | 71,970 |
| 1.A.3.b | Road Transportation | CO2 | 14,518 |
| 1.A.2 | Manufacturing Industries and Construction-Gaseous Fuels | CO2 | 1,705 |
| 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Liquid Fuels | CO2 | 5,424 |
| 1.B.2.b | Natural Gas | CH4 | 16,118 |
| 2.A.1 | Cement production | CO2 | 714 |
| 2.C.1 | Iron and Steel Production | CO2 | 1,791 |
| 1.B.2.a | Oil | CO2 | 5,626 |
| 4.A | Solid Waste Disposal | CH4 | 3,069 |
| 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Biomass | CH4 | 14,551 |

| E2017 YearEstimateExt(GgCO2-eq) | FTrendAssessment(Txt) | G%Contributionto Trend | HCumulativeTotal ofColumn G |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 319,971 | 0.121 | 26.3% | 0.263 |
| 55,750 | 0.097 | 20.9% | 0.472 |
| 60,314 | 0.097 | 20.9% | 0.681 |
| 36,000 | 0.031 | 6.7% | 0.748 |
| 12,771 | 0.022 | 4.7% | 0.795 |
| 16,997 | 0.019 | 4.2% | 0.837 |
| 31,184 | 0.016 | 3.5% | 0.871 |
| 5,240 | 0.009 | 1.9% | 0.891 |
| 6,360 | 0.008 | 1.7% | 0.908 |
| 4,715 | 0.008 | 1.6% | 0.924 |
| 7,894 | 0.007 | 1.6% | 0.940 |
| 18,883 | 0.005 | 1.1% | 0.951 |

\ {tt G G G}\_{2}{\\tt-}q)

\ {tt G G G}\_{2}-{\\tt e q})

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\ \\mathrm{C H}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\ \\mathrm{C H}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

{\\mathrm{C H}}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

The summary of Key Categories based on the quantitative criterion to the 95% level assessments for the
year 2017 and trend, for the period 2000 to 2017, is presented in Table 2.3. Ten categories came out
under both the level and trend assessments, two under trend only and the remaining four solely under
level assessment.

\ \\mathrm{C H}\_{4}

Table 2.3 - Summary of Key Categories for level (2017) and trend (2000 – 2017) assessments

| Number | IPCC category code | IPCC category |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | 1.A.1 | Energy Industries-Gaseous |
| 2 | 1.A.2 | Manufacturing Industries and Construction-Gaseous Fuels |
| 3 | 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Liquid Fuels |
| 4 | 1.A.4 | Other Sectors-Biomass |
| 5 | 1.B.2.a | Oil |
| 6 | 1.B.2.b | Natural Gas |
| 7 | 2.C.1 | Iron and Steel Production |
| 8 | 3.B.1.a | Forest land Remaining Forests |
| 9 | 4.A | Solid Waste Disposal |
| 10 | 1.A.3.b | Road Transportation |
| 11 | 1.B.2.a | Oil |
| 12 | 2.A.1 | Cement production |
| 13 | 3.A.1 | Enteric Fermentation |
| 14 | 3.C.4 | Direct N2O Emissions from soils |

|  | GHG | Approach used | Criterion |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fuels | CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |
| Woodlands | CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |
| CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CH4 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CH4 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CH4 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| River land | CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |
| CH4 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CO2 | L1 T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CO2 | T1 | Quantitative |  |
| CO2 | T1 | Quantitative |  |
| Managed | CH4 | L1 | Quantitative |
| N2O | L1 | Quantitative |  |

\\mathrm{C{0}{}\_{2}}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

\ \\mathrm{C H}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

{\\mathrm{C H}}\_{4}

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

* * *

| Number | IPCC category code | IPCC category |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 15 | 3.C.7 | Rice cultivation |
| 16 | 4.D | Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |

| GHG | Approach used | Criterion |
| --- | --- | --- |
| CH4 | L1 | Quantitative |
| CH4 | L1 | Quantitative |

\ {\\mathrm{C H}}\_{4}

\ {\\mathrm{C H}}\_{4}

Notation keys: L = key category according to level assessment; T = key category according to trend assessment; and Q = key category
according to qualitative criteria. The Approach used to identify the key category is included as L1, L2, T1 or T2.

2.5 Methodological issues
This section gives an overview of the methodological approach adopted for all sectors and sub-sectors

This section gives an overview of the methodological approach adopted for all sectors and sub-sectors
covered in this inventory report.

The method adopted to compute emissions involved multiplying AD by the relevant appropriate EF, as
shown below:

\ {\\sf m m i s s i o n s\ (E)}A c t i v i t y\ D a{bf}(A{}cal D)\\times E m i s s i o n\ F{a c t o r\ (}E F)

All the methods and tools recommended by IPCC for the computation of emissions in an inventory have
been used and followed to be in line with Good Practices.

Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) adopted for providing a consistent basis for comparing the relative
effect of the emissions of all GHGs, uniformized over a period of 100 years by converting the emissions of
the other GHGs to that of CO2, were from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) as recommended in the
Annex to Decision 18 / CMA.1. The values adopted for the three direct GHGs CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O are
provided in Table 2.4.

{mathrm O O}\_{1}

Table 2.4 - Global Warming Potential

\ {0}\_{2}.

(\\mathtt{C O}\_{2})

N\_{2}O

| Gas |
| --- |
| Carbon Dioxide |
| Methane |
| Nitrous Oxide |

|  | Global Warming Potential |
| --- | --- |
| (CO2) | 1 |
| (CH4) | 28 |
| (N2O) | 265 |

(\\mathsf{C H}\_{4})

(N\_{2}O)

A declared national framework for data collection and archiving to meet the requirements for preparing
GHG inventories is still lacking. Such a framework is being developed with the support provided by the
UNFCCC Secretariat under the programme Technical assistance for sustainable national GHG inventory
management systems in developing countries. Thus, derived data and estimates were used to fill gaps in
the time series quite frequently. These were considered reliable and sound since they were based on peer
reviewed publications and other observations. Estimates used included fuel use for navigation and
domestic aviation, and forest areas by type. Most missing AD for the period 2000 to 2017 were generated
using the splicing techniques recommended in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and based on related socioeconomic factors.

Availability of good quality AD that have undergone a rigorous Quality Control and Quality Assurance for
compiling GHG inventories has been and remains a serious challenge in Nigeria. Usually, data collected by the public sector are quality controlled and archived by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The private sector implements their own QC / QA within its data collection and archiving process, but this is not very transparent. Thus, the upfront QA / QC procedures remained beyond the GHG inventory compilation team and the AD collected for the time series presented numerous outliers. This shortcoming is presently being addressed under the GHGIMS consolidation process.

QC and QA procedures, as defined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC, 2007) is yet to be implemented by Nigeria during the preparation of the inventory. Again, this is being addressed within the UNFCCC project and will be further developed within the contemplated Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency (CBIT) project when funds become available. It is anticipated that a first QA / QC plan as per IPCC standard will be developed and implemented when the next inventory will be compiled. Given these circumstances, the only QC that could be done was through comparison of national data sets with those from international databases and through assessment of consistency of the time series data.

QA has not been done on a routine basis as per IPCC recommendations for this inventory except for the one by the independent international consultant who was not involved with the preparation of the inventory. The exercise comprised the following steps:

- Confirm data quality and reliability used for computing emissions.

- Compare AD with those available on international websites such as FAO and International Energy Agency (IEA).

- Review the AD and EFs adopted within each source category as a first step;

- Review and check the calculation steps in the software database to ensure accuracy; and

- The results from the software database was exactly replicated in the NIR1.
  Nigeria volunteered to the UNFCCC and Global Support Programme undertaking a QA exercise on its inventory compilation process adopted for the NC3. The recommendations from the QA exercise, listed below, were addressed partially and still need further improvement:

- Institutional arrangements to ensure an annual flow of AD for preparing the inventory.

- Improve AD for the AFOLU sector, generate land use changes, national stock and EFs to move to Tier 2.

- Development of legal arrangements for securing collaboration of other institutions.

- Improved documentation and archiving, and

- Capacity building in various areas of inventory compilation.


# 2.7 Uncertainty assessment

Uncertainty estimation is an essential element of a GHG Inventory in addition to the KCA to provide information on the source categories to be prioritized for maximum resources to be allocated to improve the quality of the inventory. Inventories prepared in accordance with 2006 IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2007) will typically contain a wide range of uncertainties in the emission estimates associated with the AD and EF used. Estimates may be of good quality with low uncertainties when carefully measured and demonstrably complete data sets are used or of lower quality with higher uncertainty estimates such as with N₂O fluxes from soils and waterways.

For this Inventory, a Tier 1 uncertainty analysis of the aggregated figures as required by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, Vol. 1 (IPCC, 2007) was performed. Based on the quality of the data and whether the EFs used were defaults or nationally derived, uncertainty levels were assigned to the two parameters and the combined uncertainty calculated using the tool available within the IPCC inventory software. In most

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

cases, the uncertainty values within the range recommended by the IPCC Guidelines were allocated to AD
and EFs. Thus, lower uncertainties were allocated to AD obtained from measurements made and
recorded, higher values for interpolated and extrapolated AD and the highest ones in the range when the
AD have been estimated. Regarding the default EFs, the average value recommended in the IPCC
Guidelines were adopted. Whenever there was a need to revert to expert judgement, the protocol was
to consult with more than one expert from the typical sector or industry to ascertain on the level of
uncertainty to be adopted from within the range provided in the IPCC guidelines. In cases where IPCC has
a recommended methodology, the uncertainty level was derived according to the procedure proposed in
the IPCC Guidelines and used in the uncertainty analysis. Uncertainties in total emissions based on the
IPCC tool, including emissions and removals from the Land sector is presented in Table 2.5. Uncertainty
levels for the individual years of the period 2000 to 2017 varied from 8.3% to 19.0% while the trend
assessment when adding one successive year on the base year 2000 for the years 2001 to 2017 ranged
from 10.9% to 13.9%. The complete uncertainty analysis for 2017 is provided in the NIR1.

Table 2.5 - Overall uncertainty (%)

| Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Annual | 19.0 | 8.9 | 9.0 |
| Trend(base year 2000) | - | 10.9 | 11.0 |

| 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8.8 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
| 11.2 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.8 | 11.9 |

| Year | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Annual | 8.7 | 8.5 | 8.5 |
| Trend(base year 2000) | 12.1 | 12.3 | 12.5 |

| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.4 |
| 12.6 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 13.6 |

2.8 Assessment of completeness
An assessment of the completeness of the inventory was made for individual activity areas within each

An assessment of the completeness of the inventory was made for individual activity areas within each
source category. For this inventory, one more category, namely coal mining has been assessed. The

An assessment of the completeness of the inventory was made for individual activity areas within each
source category. For this inventory, one more category, namely coal mining has been assessed. The

completeness results (Table 2.6) present the coverage and exhaustiveness of this inventory. To simplify
the presentation of the completeness table, the sub-categories within a category where activities are not

the presentation of the completeness table, the sub-categories within a category where activities are not
occurring in the country have not been spelt out fully but kept rather at the category level only. The
methodology adopted was according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 2007) with the following notation
keys used:

the presentation of the completeness table, the sub-categories within a category where activities are not
occurring in the country have not been spelt out fully but kept rather at the category level only. The
methodology adopted was according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines (IPCC 2007) with the following notation

x E Estimated

x NA Not Applicable

x NO Not Occurring

x IE Included Elsewhere

x NE Not Estimated

* * *

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

| Categories | Net CO2(1)/2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | Si2 | Other halogenated gases with CO equivalent conversion factors (3) | Other halogenated gases without CO equivalent conversion factors (4) | NO2 | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Total National Emissions and Removals | E | E | E | E | NE | NE | NE | NE | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1 - Energy | E | E | E | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A - Fuel Combustion Activities | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A.1 - Energy Industries | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A.2 - Manufacturing Industries and Construction | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A.3 - Transport | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A.4 - Other Sectors | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. A.5 - Non-Specified | NE | NE | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 1\. B - Fugitive emissions from Fuels | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. B.1 - Solid fuels | NE | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | NA | NA |
| 1\. B.2 - Oil and Natural Gas | E | E | E | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1\. B.3 - Other emissions from Energy Production | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA |
| 1\. C - Carbon dioxide Transport and Storage | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1\. C.1 - Transport of CO2 | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1\. C.2 - Injection and Storage | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1\. C.3 - Other | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2 - Industrial Processes and Product Use | E | E | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | E | E | E | NE | NE |
| 2\. A - Mineral Industry | E | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2\. A.1 - Cement production | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2\. A.2 - Lime production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

Completeness of the 2017 GHG inventory- 6.2 Table

* * *

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

| Categories | Net CO2(1/2) | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCS | S% | Other Halogenated gases with CO2 equivalent conversion factors (3) | NO2 | CO | NWVOCs | SO2 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2.B.4-Caprolactam, Glyoxal and Glyoxylic Acid Production | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.5-Carbide Production | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.6-Titanium Dioxide Production | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.7-Soda Ash Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.8-Petrochemical and Carbon Black Production | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.9-Fluorochemical Production | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.10-Other Please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C-Metal Industry | E | E | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | E | NO |
| 2.C.1-Iron and Steel Production | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | E | NO | NO |
| 2.C.2-Ferroalloy Production | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.3-Aluminum production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.4-Magnesium production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.5-Lead Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.6-Zinc Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.7-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.D-Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use | NE | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NE | NO | NO |
| 2.D.1-Lubricant Use | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.D.2-Paraffin Wax Use | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.D.3-Solvent Use | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA |
| 2.D.4-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.E-Electronics industry | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

* * *

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

| Categories | Net CO2(1)1/2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | Sr | Other inorganized gases with equivalent conversion factors (3) | Other inorganated gases without equivalent conversion factors (4) | NOx | CO | NNVOCs | SO2 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2.F.3-Fire Protection | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.4-Aerosols | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.5-Solvents | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.6-Other Applications (please specify) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G-Other Product Manufacture and Use | NO | NO | NE | NO | NE | NE | NO | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G.1-Electrical Equipment | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G.2-Si, Si and PFCs from Other Product Uses | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G.3-N2O from Product Uses | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G.4-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.H-Other | NE | NE | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.1-Pulp and Paper Industry | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.2-Food and Beverages Industry | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.3-(other please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3-Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use | E | E | E | EA | NA | NA | NA | EA | EA | NE | NE | NA | NA |
| 3.A-Livestock | NA | E | E | EA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.A.1-Enteric Manganese | NA | E | EA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.A.2-Manure Management | NA | E | EA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.B-Land | E | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.1-Forestland | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.2-Cropland | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |

* * *

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

| Categories | Net CO2(1)/2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2 equivalent conversion factors (3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2 equivalent conversion factors (4) | NO2 | CO | NMVO2 | SO2 |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3.C.5-Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils | NA | NA | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.6-Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management | NA | NA | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.7-Rice cultivations | NA | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.8-Other (please specify) | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D-Other | E | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.D.1-Harvested Wood Products | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.2-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 4-Waste | E | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 4.A-Solid Waste Disposal | NA | E | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | E | NA | NA |
| 4.B-Biological Treatment of Solid Waste | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | E | NA |
| 4.C-incineration and Open Burning of Waste | E | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 4.D-Wastewater Treatment and Discharge | NA | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | E | NA |
| 4.E-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 5-Other | NO | NO | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 5.A- indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NO2 and NH3 | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5.B- Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| Memo items (5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| International Bunkers | E | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1.A.3.a.1- International Aviation (International Bunkers) | E | E | E | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |
| 1.A.3.d.1- International water-borne navigation (International bunkers) | E | E | E | EA | NA | NA | NA | NA | E | E | E | E | E |

* * *

2.9 Recalculations
During the computation of the present inventory, recalculations were done for the Waste sector in line

During the computation of the present inventory, recalculations were done for the Waste sector in line
with new data collected on composition and for 2016 whenever new datasets became available.
Recalculated emissions for the base years 2000 and 2010 are given in Table 2.7 while for the remaining
years of the time series, the recalculations, if any, can be captured in the sectoral results of the NIR1.
Original estimates for the year 2000 were made according to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Tier 1
level, lower coverage of activity areas compared to the present inventory while recalculated values are
compiled in line with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and newly derived national stock and EFs for the Land
sector. The wide difference between the inventory compiled in 2000 and recalculated in 2017 is primarily
attributed to a higher coverage of emitting sources while the difference between the inventory of the NC3
recalculated for the BUR2 is due to addition of Coal mining and improved waste composition data.

Table 2.7 - Comparison of original and recalculated emissions of
past inventories presented in national communications

| Year | 2000 |  |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SNC | BUR2 |  |
| Net emissions | 214,210 | 458,509 |

| 2010 |  |
| --- | --- |
| NC3 | BUR2 |
| 541,191 | 591,375 |

This inventory now covers the period 2000 to 2017 and AD within each of the categories were abstracted
from the same sources for all years. The same EFs have been used throughout the time series and the QA
/ QC procedures were kept constant for the whole inventory period. This enabled a consistent time series
to be built with a good level of confidence in the trend of emissions.

The following problems were encountered during the preparation of this national inventory of GHGs:

x There were frequent inconsistencies when data were collected from different sources.

x Reliable national biomass (bm) data such as timber, fuelwood, wood waste and charcoal
consumed or produced were not available and had to be derived using statistical modelling or
adopted from international databases.

* * *

- Lack of EFs to better represent national circumstances and provide for more accurate estimates even if this is being addressed for some key categories.
- Emissions for a substantial number of categories have not been estimated due to lack of AD, and
- DCC staff are not yet ready to take over the full inventory compilation process because of insufficient capacity which dictated the contracting of consultants.

# 2.12 National Inventory Improvement Plan (NIIP)

Based on the constraints, gaps and other challenges encountered during the preparation of the present inventory, a list of the most urgent improvements has been identified. These are listed below and have been partially addressed during the preparation of the NIR1 within the framework of the BUR2. However, most of the items still need further improvement and it is planned to cater for them during future inventory cycles and within the framework of the CBIT project in addition to the UNFCCC project providing support for the development and operationalization of the GHGIMS.

- National framework for adequate and proper data capture, QC, validation, storage and retrieval needs to be developed to facilitate the compilation of future inventories.
- Capacity building of national experts and strengthening of the existing institutional framework within a robust GHGIMS to provide improved coordinated action for a smooth implementation of the GHG inventory cycle for annual estimation of emissions.
- Development of national EFs to enable adoption of Tier 2 methods for key categories.
- Development and implementation of a QA / QC system including a QA / QC plan in order to reduce uncertainty and improve inventory quality.
- Access sufficient financial resources to strengthen the present system at the States’ level to provide adequate support to DCC for inventory compilation and coordination.
- Institutionalisation of an archiving system.
- Pursue efforts for collecting the required AD for categories not covered in this exercise, to improve completeness of future inventories.
- Conduct new forest inventories to confirm the stock and EFs derived based on data obtained from old forest inventories, scientific publication and other sources.
- Produce maps for 1990 to 2020 matching IPCC representation of land classes to refine land use change data over 5 years periods to provide for a better estimate of emissions in the Land sector while supporting implementation of the REDD+ initiative, and
- Add the missing years 1990 to 1999 to complete the full time series 1990 to the latest year for compliance in inventory compilation.

# 2.13 Estimates of greenhouse gases

## 2.13.1 Overview

Only a condensed version of the results of the inventory is given in this chapter. It consists of estimates of aggregated emissions trends for the full time series 2000 to 2017 at the national level, for the four IPCC sectors and for the direct and indirect GHGs as well as for SO2. The short and long summary tables for the year 2017 also are included at the end of this chapter. Details (sectoral tables) pertaining to all categories and sub-categories of the four IPCC sectors, the full Uncertainty analysis and Completeness of the inventory are available in the stand-alone NIR1 submitted along with this BUR2.

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

2.13.2 Trend of national emissions
The trends of GHG emissions for the Republic of Nigeria cover the period 2000 to 2017. Nigeria remained

The trends of GHG emissions for the Republic of Nigeria cover the period 2000 to 2017. Nigeria remained
a net emitter over the period 2000 to 2017 as the emissions from all categories combined exceeded the
removals from the Land category. The total emissions increased by 213,768 Gg from 464,416 Gg in 2000
to 678,184 Gg in 2017, representing an increase of 46% over these 18 years. During the same period, the
country recorded a regression of 23% in removals, from 5,908 Gg CO₂-eq to 4,543 Gg CO₂-eq. The trend
for the period 2000 to 2017 indicates that national net emissions increased from 458,509 Gg CO₂-eq in
2000 to 673,641 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table 2.8).

The trends of GHG emissions for the Republic of Nigeria cover the period 2000 to 2017. Nigeria remained
a net emitter over the period 2000 to 2017 as the emissions from all categories combined exceeded the
removals from the Land category. The total emissions increased by 213,768 Gg from 464,416 Gg in 2000
to 678,184 Gg in 2017, representing an increase of 46% over these 18 years. During the same period, the
country recorded a regression of 23% in removals, from 5,908 Gg CO₂-eq to 4,543 Gg CO₂-eq. The trend
for the period 2000 to 2017 indicates that national net emissions increased from 458,509 Gg CO₂-eq in

\ 0\_{2}\ e\\mathfrak{q}

Table 2.8 - GHG emissions (Gg CO₂-eq) characteristics (2000 – 2017)

(0\_{2}-e q)

| Year | Total emissions | AFOLU removals |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 464,416 | -5,908 |
| 2001 | 487,874 | -5,786 |
| 2002 | 481,500 | -5,651 |
| 2003 | 510,402 | -5,623 |
| 2004 | 524,605 | -5,551 |
| 2005 | 548,799 | -5,339 |
| 2006 | 551,157 | -5,226 |
| 2007 | 560,673 | -5,225 |
| 2008 | 569,396 | -5,069 |
| 2009 | 563,147 | -4,925 |
| 2010 | 596,171 | -4,796 |
| 2011 | 603,628 | -5,336 |
| 2012 | 617,328 | -4,277 |
| 2013 | 633,014 | -5,021 |
| 2014 | 658,761 | -5,345 |
| 2015 | 676,641 | -4,830 |
| 2016 | 661,261 | -4,791 |
| 2017 | 678,184 | -4,543 |

| Net | Per capita emission(t) | GDP emissions index(Year2000=100) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 458,509 | 3.78 | 100.0 |
| 482,088 | 3.87 | 99.2 |
| 475,849 | 3.73 | 84.9 |
| 504,779 | 3.85 | 83.8 |
| 519,054 | 3.86 | 78.9 |
| 543,460 | 3.93 | 77.5 |
| 545,930 | 3.85 | 73.4 |
| 555,449 | 3.81 | 70.0 |
| 564,327 | 3.77 | 66.6 |
| 558,222 | 3.63 | 61.0 |
| 591,375 | 3.74 | 59.8 |
| 598,292 | 3.69 | 57.5 |
| 613,052 | 3.67 | 56.4 |
| 627,993 | 3.66 | 54.2 |
| 653,416 | 3.71 | 53.1 |
| 671,811 | 3.71 | 53.1 |
| 656,469 | 3.54 | 52.7 |
| 673,641 | 3.55 | 53.7 |

Figure 2.3 - Per capita GHG emissions (2000 – 2017)

Per capita emissions of GHG varied between 3.93 and 3.54 during the period 2000 to 2017 with an overall
decrease from 3.78 tonnes CO₂-eq in 2000 to 3.55 tonnes in 2017 (Figure 2.3). The GDP emissions index
decreased almost steadily from 100 in the year 2000 to 53.7 in 2017 (Figure 2.4).

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak

* * *

2.13.3 Trend of emissions by sector
Total national emissions increased by 46% over these 18 years, through increases in all sectors. The AFOLU

Total national emissions increased by 46% over these 18 years, through increases in all sectors. The AFOLU
sector remained the leading emitter throughout this period followed by Energy, for all years under review.
The Waste sector remained the third contributor with the IPPU sector emitting the least over the time
series.

Emissions from the Energy sector increased from 142,674 Gg CO₂-eq (31% of national emissions) in 2000
to 245,918 Gg CO₂-eq (36% of national emissions) in 2017 as depicted in Error! Reference source not
ound.. During the period 2000 to 2017, the emissions increased by 72%.

\ 0\_{2}\ e\\mathfrak{q}

_445\\mathrm{,}918\\mathrm\ {G\ \ \ C C{\ }_{2}\ \ {e e\ }}

AFOLU emissions over the 2000 to 2017 period increased by 29% from 301,970 Gg CO₂-eq in 2000 to
389,790 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table 2.9). However, although AFOLU remained the highest contributor to
national emissions, its share in these emissions decreased from 65% in 2000 to 57% in 2017.

389,790,{\\sf G g},{\\sf C O}{}\_{2}\\cdot{\\sf e Q}

The contribution of the IPPU sector in total national emissions increased from 2,511 Gg CO₂-eq in 2000 to
a peak of 13,271 in 2015 to regress thereafter to 11,618 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table 2.9). IPPU represented
0.5% of national missions in 2000 and 1.7% in 2017.

\ 0\_{2}\ e\\mathfrak{q}

11,\ 118,\\mathsf{G g},\\mathsf{C O}{}\_{2},\\mathsf{e Q}

Emissions from Waste increased slowly from 3.7% of national emissions in 2000 to 4.5% in 2017. Emissions
from the Waste sector increased from the 2000 level of 17,261 Gg CO₂-eq to 30,857 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017,
representing a 79% increase.

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

;mathsf C O O\_{2}-\\mathsf{e q\

Table 2.9 - National GHG emissions (Gg, CO₂-eq) by sector (2000 – 2017)

c0\_{2}-e q)

| Year | Total emissions | Energy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 464,416 | 142,674 |
| 2001 | 487,874 | 161,275 |
| 2002 | 481,500 | 150,384 |
| 2003 | 510,402 | 170,277 |
| 2004 | 524,605 | 178,980 |
| 2005 | 548,799 | 196,640 |
| 2006 | 551,157 | 192,145 |
| 2007 | 560,673 | 196,041 |
| 2008 | 569,396 | 199,933 |
| 2009 | 563,147 | 187,354 |
| 2010 | 596,171 | 211,571 |
| 2011 | 603,628 | 213,507 |
| 2012 | 617,328 | 218,109 |
| 2013 | 633,014 | 225,842 |
| 2014 | 658,761 | 244,136 |
| 2015 | 676,641 | 254,996 |
| 2016 | 661,261 | 235,166 |
| 2017 | 678,184 | 245,918 |

| IPPU | AFOLU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2,511 | 301,970 | 17,261 |
| 2,512 | 306,131 | 17,956 |
| 2,481 | 309,999 | 18,637 |
| 5,895 | 314,851 | 19,378 |
| 6,013 | 319,492 | 20,121 |
| 6,181 | 325,040 | 20,938 |
| 6,300 | 331,070 | 21,641 |
| 6,772 | 335,509 | 22,351 |
| 7,360 | 338,957 | 23,147 |
| 7,864 | 343,968 | 23,961 |
| 8,247 | 351,483 | 24,870 |
| 9,128 | 355,361 | 25,632 |
| 10,835 | 361,925 | 26,460 |
| 12,294 | 367,524 | 27,354 |
| 12,468 | 373,884 | 28,273 |
| 13,271 | 379,036 | 29,337 |
| 12,004 | 383,882 | 30,208 |
| 11,618 | 389,790 | 30,857 |

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

N

\\mathsf{C H}\_{4}

N\_{2}O

689%C O\_{2},27%H\_{4}

5%N\_{2}0

* * *

Table 2.10 - Aggregated emissions and removals by gas (2000 – 2017)

| Year | Total GHG emissions(CO2-eq) | Removals(CO2)(CO2-eq) | Net emissions(CO2-eq) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 464,416 | -5,908 | 458,509 |
| 2001 | 487,874 | -5,786 | 482,088 |
| 2002 | 481,500 | -5,651 | 475,849 |
| 2003 | 510,402 | -5,623 | 504,779 |
| 2004 | 524,605 | -5,551 | 519,054 |
| 2005 | 548,799 | -5,339 | 543,460 |
| 2006 | 551,157 | -5,226 | 545,930 |
| 2007 | 560,673 | -5,225 | 555,449 |
| 2008 | 569,396 | -5,069 | 564,327 |
| 2009 | 563,147 | -4,925 | 558,222 |
| 2010 | 596,171 | -4,796 | 591,375 |
| 2011 | 603,628 | -5,336 | 598,292 |
| 2012 | 617,328 | -4,277 | 613,052 |
| 2013 | 633,014 | -5,021 | 627,993 |
| 2014 | 658,761 | -5,345 | 653,416 |
| 2015 | 676,641 | -4,830 | 671,811 |
| 2016 | 661,261 | -4,791 | 656,469 |
| 2017 | 678,184 | -4,543 | 673,641 |

| CO2(Gg) | CH4(CO2-eq) | N2O(CO2-eq) |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 296,508 | 148,086 | 19,822 |
| 311,818 | 155,463 | 20,593 |
| 317,288 | 143,306 | 20,906 |
| 331,479 | 157,217 | 21,706 |
| 335,562 | 167,207 | 21,835 |
| 356,009 | 169,860 | 22,930 |
| 358,165 | 169,310 | 23,681 |
| 368,726 | 167,647 | 24,300 |
| 379,227 | 164,984 | 25,186 |
| 376,174 | 160,906 | 26,067 |
| 387,708 | 181,339 | 27,124 |
| 396,498 | 180,098 | 27,032 |
| 404,999 | 184,422 | 27,907 |
| 425,326 | 178,569 | 29,119 |
| 445,917 | 183,221 | 29,623 |
| 459,266 | 187,304 | 30,071 |
| 452,099 | 177,917 | 31,245 |
| 462,884 | 182,686 | 32,614 |

(\\mathbf{c o}\_{2})

c o0\_{2}

c H\_{a4}

(0\_{2}-e q)

(00\_{2}-e q)

(0\_{2}-e q)

N\_{2}o

(00\_{2}-e q)

(00\_{2}-e q)

Figure 2.5 - Share of aggregated emissions (Gg CO₂-eq) by gas (2000 – 2017)

2.13.5 Carbon dioxide (CO₂)
National CO₂ emissions increased by 56% from the 2000 level of 296,508 Gg (Table 2.11) to 462,884 Gg in

(\\tt{C o}\_{2})

\ {mathsf I((}\\mathsf{C O\_{2}}\ \ mathsf{e q)}

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

National CO₂ emissions increased by 56% from the 2000 level of 296,508 Gg (Table 2.11) to 462,884 Gg in
2017\. In the same year, the sector that emitted the highest amount of CO₂ was AFOLU with 319,971 Gg
followed by Energy with 131,196 Gg, IPPU with 11,602 Gg and Waste with 115 Gg (Table 2.11).

\ {0}\_{2}

* * *

Table 2.11 - CO₂ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

\ tt\\cdot o o\_{2}

| Year | Total emissions | Total net emissions | Energy |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 296,508 | 290,600 | 37,253 |
| 2001 | 311,818 | 306,032 | 49,593 |
| 2002 | 317,288 | 311,637 | 51,963 |
| 2003 | 331,479 | 325,856 | 59,250 |
| 2004 | 335,562 | 330,011 | 59,399 |
| 2005 | 356,009 | 350,670 | 75,819 |
| 2006 | 358,165 | 352,939 | 74,280 |
| 2007 | 368,726 | 363,502 | 80,654 |
| 2008 | 379,227 | 374,157 | 88,685 |
| 2009 | 376,174 | 371,249 | 80,258 |
| 2010 | 387,708 | 382,911 | 87,808 |
| 2011 | 396,498 | 391,162 | 91,585 |
| 2012 | 404,999 | 400,722 | 94,844 |
| 2013 | 425,326 | 420,305 | 109,675 |
| 2014 | 445,917 | 440,572 | 125,005 |
| 2015 | 459,266 | 454,436 | 133,225 |
| 2016 | 452,099 | 447,307 | 124,022 |
| 2017 | 462,884 | 458,341 | 131,196 |

| IPPU | AFOLU-emissions | AFOLU-removals | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2,507 | 256,674 | -5,908 | 74 |
| 2,508 | 259,641 | -5,786 | 76 |
| 2,476 | 262,771 | -5,651 | 78 |
| 5,882 | 266,267 | -5,623 | 80 |
| 5,999 | 270,082 | -5,551 | 82 |
| 6,168 | 273,939 | -5,339 | 84 |
| 6,286 | 277,513 | -5,226 | 86 |
| 6,759 | 281,226 | -5,225 | 88 |
| 7,346 | 283,105 | -5,069 | 90 |
| 7,850 | 287,973 | -4,925 | 92 |
| 8,234 | 291,571 | -4,796 | 95 |
| 9,114 | 295,704 | -5,336 | 95 |
| 10,821 | 299,235 | -4,277 | 99 |
| 12,279 | 303,270 | -5,021 | 102 |
| 12,453 | 308,355 | -5,345 | 105 |
| 13,255 | 312,676 | -4,830 | 110 |
| 11,988 | 315,977 | -4,791 | 112 |
| 11,602 | 319,971 | -4,543 | 115 |

2.13.6 Methane (CH₄)
CH₄ was the next contributor in national emissions after CO₂. CH₄ emissions increased by 23% from the

CH₄ was the next contributor in national emissions after CO₂. CH₄ emissions increased by 23% from the
2000 level of 148,086 Gg CO₂-eq to 182,686 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017 (Table 2.12). Energy remained the highest
contributor throughout the time series with an average of 66% followed by AFOLU with 23% and Waste
with 11%. The contribution of the IPPU sector was insignificant with less than 1%.

(\\mathrm{C H}\_{4})

\\mathsf{C H}\_{4}

C0\_{2},C H\_{4}

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

Table 2.12 - CH₄ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

\\mathtt{c H}\_{4}

| Year | Total(GgCO2-eq) | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 148,086 | 5,289 |
| 2001 | 155,463 | 5,552 |
| 2002 | 143,306 | 5,118 |
| 2003 | 157,217 | 5,615 |
| 2004 | 167,207 | 5,972 |
| 2005 | 169,860 | 6,066 |
| 2006 | 169,310 | 6,047 |
| 2007 | 167,647 | 5,987 |
| 2008 | 164,984 | 5,892 |
| 2009 | 160,906 | 5,747 |
| 2010 | 181,339 | 6,476 |
| 2011 | 180,098 | 6,432 |
| 2012 | 184,422 | 6,587 |
| 2013 | 178,569 | 6,377 |
| 2014 | 183,221 | 6,544 |
| 2015 | 187,304 | 6,689 |
| 2016 | 177,917 | 6,354 |
| 2017 | 182,686 | 6,524 |

| Energy | IPPU | AFOLU-emissions | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3,681 | 0.2 | 1,114 | 493 |
| 3,901 | 0.2 | 1,136 | 515 |
| 3,425 | 0.2 | 1,156 | 536 |
| 3,874 | 0.5 | 1,184 | 557 |
| 4,179 | 0.5 | 1,214 | 578 |
| 4,221 | 0.5 | 1,246 | 599 |
| 4,115 | 0.5 | 1,311 | 620 |
| 4,024 | 0.5 | 1,322 | 641 |
| 3,875 | 0.5 | 1,354 | 663 |
| 3,726 | 0.5 | 1,336 | 685 |
| 4,319 | 0.5 | 1,449 | 708 |
| 4,251 | 0.5 | 1,451 | 730 |
| 4,296 | 0.5 | 1,536 | 755 |
| 4,035 | 0.5 | 1,563 | 779 |
| 4,139 | 0.6 | 1,601 | 803 |
| 4,233 | 0.6 | 1,626 | 829 |
| 3,851 | 0.6 | 1,648 | 855 |
| 3,976 | 0.6 | 1,670 | 878 |

c0\_{2}-e q)

* * *

2.13.7 Nitrous Oxide (N₂O)
N₂O emissions increased by 65% from 19,822 Gg CO₂-eq in the year 2000 to 32,614 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017

(N\_{2}O0)

N₂O emissions increased by 65% from 19,822 Gg CO₂-eq in the year 2000 to 32,614 Gg CO₂-eq in 2017
(Table 2.13). The AFOLU sector was the highest emitter of N₂O with more than 70% in all years of the time
series.

N!{}\_!{}2!{!\\cal O

\\mathrm{C{0}{}\_{2}}

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

N\_{2}O0

Table 2.13 - N₂O emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

N\_{2}O0

| Year | Total emissions(GgCO2-eq) | Total |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 19822 | 74.8 |
| 2001 | 20593 | 77.7 |
| 2002 | 20906 | 78.9 |
| 2003 | 21706 | 81.9 |
| 2004 | 21835 | 82.4 |
| 2005 | 22930 | 86.5 |
| 2006 | 23681 | 89.4 |
| 2007 | 24300 | 91.7 |
| 2008 | 25186 | 95.0 |
| 2009 | 26067 | 98.4 |
| 2010 | 27124 | 102.4 |
| 2011 | 27032 | 102.0 |
| 2012 | 27907 | 105.3 |
| 2013 | 29119 | 109.9 |
| 2014 | 29623 | 111.8 |
| 2015 | 30071 | 113.5 |
| 2016 | 31245 | 117.9 |
| 2017 | 32614 | 123.1 |

| Energy | AFOLU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 8.9 | 53.2 | 12.7 |
| 9.2 | 55.4 | 13.1 |
| 9.5 | 56.0 | 13.4 |
| 9.7 | 58.3 | 14.0 |
| 9.7 | 58.1 | 14.6 |
| 9.9 | 61.2 | 15.4 |
| 10.0 | 63.6 | 15.8 |
| 10.3 | 65.2 | 16.3 |
| 10.4 | 67.7 | 17.0 |
| 10.5 | 70.2 | 17.7 |
| 10.7 | 73.0 | 18.7 |
| 11.0 | 71.8 | 19.2 |
| 11.3 | 74.3 | 19.7 |
| 12.0 | 77.3 | 20.6 |
| 12.2 | 78.2 | 21.4 |
| 12.2 | 78.6 | 22.7 |
| 12.5 | 82.2 | 23.3 |
| 12.8 | 87.0 | 23.3 |

(tt G G G\_{2}-e g)

2.13.8 Trends in emissions of indirect GHGs and SO₂
Emissions of indirect GHGs (CO, NOₓ and NMVOCs) and SO₂, have also been estimated and reported in

\|S0\_{2}

2.13.8 Trends in emissions of indirect GHGs and SO₂
Emissions of indirect GHGs (CO, NOₓ and NMVOCs) and SO₂, have also been estimated and reported in
the inventory. Indirect GHGs have not been included in national total emissions. Emissions of these gases
for the period 2000 to 2017 are given in Table 2.14.

{\\mathrm{S O\_}}\_{2,}

| Year | NOx |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 274.9 |
| 2001 | 303.3 |
| 2002 | 315.1 |
| 2003 | 347.9 |
| 2004 | 316.4 |
| 2005 | 351.4 |
| 2006 | 324.9 |
| 2007 | 336.5 |

| CO | NMVOC | SO2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 7,693 | 1,480 | 41.6 |
| 8,009 | 1,553 | 54.4 |
| 8,223 | 1,584 | 53.0 |
| 8,354 | 1,626 | 53.3 |
| 8,431 | 1,639 | 47.4 |
| 8,590 | 1,671 | 56.8 |
| 8,669 | 1,665 | 48.4 |
| 8,936 | 1,703 | 45.1 |

Emissions of NOₓ increased from 275 Gg in the year 2000 to 495 Gg in 2017. CO emissions also increased
from 7,693 Gg in 2000 to 10,959 Gg in 2017. Likewise, for NMVOCs from 1480 Gg in 2000 to 2031 Gg in
2017 whilst emissions of SO₂ varied between 41.6 Gg and 69.0 Gg during the same period.

\ {\\mathrm{N o}}\_{\\mathsf}x

Table 2.14 - Emissions (Gg) of indirect GHGs and SO₂ (2000 – 2017)

s0\_{2}

{0}\_{2}

* * *

N o0\_{x}

| Year | NOx |
| --- | --- |
| 2008 | 355.4 |
| 2009 | 335.1 |
| 2010 | 346.5 |
| 2011 | 360.8 |
| 2012 | 370.7 |
| 2013 | 431.0 |
| 2014 | 458.4 |
| 2015 | 458.1 |
| 2016 | 474.5 |
| 2017 | 495.1 |

| CO | NMVOC | SO2 |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 9,001 | 1,717 | 52.3 |
| 8,990 | 1,715 | 47.1 |
| 9,084 | 1,771 | 50.2 |
| 9,240 | 1,784 | 52.1 |
| 9,381 | 1,822 | 52.6 |
| 10,063 | 1,938 | 68.1 |
| 10,430 | 1,983 | 68.1 |
| 10,476 | 1,977 | 61.9 |
| 10,735 | 1,989 | 64.3 |
| 10,959 | 2,031 | 69.0 |

50\_{2}

2.13.9 Oxides of nitrogen (NOₓ)
Emissions of NOₓ increased over the inventory period from 275 Gg in the year 2000 to 495 Gg in 2017

(\\mathrm{N o}\_{x})

Emissions of NOₓ increased over the inventory period from 275 Gg in the year 2000 to 495 Gg in 2017
(Table 2.15). The principal source of NOₓ emissions was the Energy sector. The Energy sector witnessed
an increase of 82% and emitted some 95% of total emissions in all years of the time series. The Waste
sector contributed about 4.8% of total national. AFOLU and IPPU contributions were insignificant with a
maximum of 0.2%.

\ {0}\_{\\mathsf{X}}

\ {0}\_{\\mathrm{x}}

Table 2.15 - NOₓ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

{\\mathrm{N O}}\_{\\times}

2.13.10 Carbon monoxide (CO)
National CO emissions increased from 7,693 Gg in the year 2000 to 10,959 Gg in 2017. The major

| Year | Total emissions | Energy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 275 | 260 |
| 2001 | 303 | 288 |
| 2002 | 315 | 299 |
| 2003 | 348 | 331 |
| 2004 | 316 | 299 |
| 2005 | 351 | 334 |
| 2006 | 325 | 307 |
| 2007 | 336 | 318 |
| 2008 | 355 | 337 |
| 2009 | 335 | 316 |
| 2010 | 346 | 327 |
| 2011 | 361 | 341 |
| 2012 | 371 | 350 |
| 2013 | 431 | 410 |
| 2014 | 458 | 437 |
| 2015 | 458 | 435 |
| 2016 | 474 | 451 |
| 2017 | 495 | 471 |

| IPPU | AFOLU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 15.3 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 15.6 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 16.0 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 16.4 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 16.8 |
| 0.000 | 0.2 | 17.2 |
| 0.000 | 0.2 | 17.6 |
| 0.000 | 0.2 | 18.0 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 18.5 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 18.9 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 19.4 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 19.5 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 20.4 |
| 0.001 | 0.1 | 20.9 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 21.4 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 22.5 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 23.0 |
| 0.001 | 0.2 | 23.6 |

National CO emissions increased from 7,693 Gg in the year 2000 to 10,959 Gg in 2017. The major
contributor of CO was the Energy sector with some 96% of national emissions for all years of the time
series followed by the Waste sector with between 3.5% to 3.8% (Table 2.16). The AFOLU and IPPU sectors
contributed the remainder which is less than 1%.

^{10,959}

* * *

Table 2.16 - CO emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

| Year | Total emissions | Energy |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2000 | 7,693 | 7,423 |
| 2001 | 8,009 | 7,732 |
| 2002 | 8,223 | 7,939 |
| 2003 | 8,354 | 8,063 |
| 2004 | 8,431 | 8,132 |
| 2005 | 8,590 | 8,284 |
| 2006 | 8,669 | 8,355 |
| 2007 | 8,936 | 8,615 |
| 2008 | 9,001 | 8,672 |
| 2009 | 8,990 | 8,653 |
| 2010 | 9,084 | 8,740 |
| 2011 | 9,240 | 8,893 |
| 2012 | 9,381 | 9,019 |
| 2013 | 10,063 | 9,692 |
| 2014 | 10,430 | 10,048 |
| 2015 | 10,476 | 10,074 |
| 2016 | 10,735 | 10,325 |
| 2017 | 10,959 | 10,539 |

| IPPU | AFOLU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 6.2E-05 | 2.8 | 267.9 |
| 6.2E-05 | 2.9 | 274.3 |
| 6.9E-05 | 3.7 | 280.7 |
| 5.1E-05 | 3.9 | 287.4 |
| 5.5E-05 | 3.9 | 294.3 |
| 4.9E-05 | 4.1 | 301.4 |
| 5.0E-05 | 4.2 | 309.0 |
| 5.0E-05 | 5.1 | 316.4 |
| 5.0E-05 | 5.4 | 324.2 |
| 5.1E-05 | 5.2 | 332.3 |
| 5.1E-05 | 3.6 | 340.6 |
| 5.1E-05 | 3.7 | 342.8 |
| 5.1E-05 | 4.4 | 357.9 |
| 5.2E-05 | 4.3 | 366.9 |
| 5.2E-05 | 5.6 | 376.1 |
| 5.2E-05 | 6.2 | 395.4 |
| 5.3E-05 | 6.4 | 403.5 |
| 5.3E-05 | 6.3 | 414.1 |

2.13.11 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)
In 2017, emissions of NMVOCs stood at 2,031 Gg compared to 1,480 Gg in the year 2000. Emissions of

2.13.11 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)
In 2017, emissions of NMVOCs stood at 2,031 Gg compared to 1,480 Gg in the year 2000. Emissions of
NMVOCs increased throughout the inventory period for all sectors. The main emission source was the
Energy sector (Table 2.17) which increased from 1,460 in 2000 to 1,997 in 2017. Emissions from the Waste
sector increased from 20.1 Gg to 33.6 Gg during the inventory period. A marginal increase of 0.6 Gg is
observed over the 2000 emissions of 0.3 Gg of the IPPU sector.

Table 2.17 - Emissions of NMVOCs (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

| Year | Total emissions |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 1480 |
| 2001 | 1553 |
| 2002 | 1584 |
| 2003 | 1626 |
| 2004 | 1639 |
| 2005 | 1671 |
| 2006 | 1665 |
| 2007 | 1703 |
| 2008 | 1717 |
| 2009 | 1715 |
| 2010 | 1771 |
| 2011 | 1784 |
| 2012 | 1822 |
| 2013 | 1938 |

| Energy | IPPU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1,460 | 0.3 | 20.1 |
| 1,532 | 0.3 | 20.7 |
| 1,563 | 0.3 | 21.3 |
| 1,603 | 0.7 | 21.9 |
| 1,615 | 0.7 | 22.5 |
| 1,647 | 0.7 | 23.1 |
| 1,640 | 0.7 | 23.8 |
| 1,678 | 0.7 | 24.5 |
| 1,691 | 0.7 | 25.3 |
| 1,688 | 0.7 | 26.0 |
| 1,743 | 0.7 | 26.8 |
| 1,756 | 0.7 | 27.4 |
| 1,793 | 0.8 | 28.4 |
| 1,908 | 0.8 | 29.2 |

* * *

| Year | Total emissions |
| --- | --- |
| 2014 | 1983 |
| 2015 | 1977 |
| 2016 | 1989 |
| 2017 | 2031 |

| Energy | IPPU | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 1,952 | 0.8 | 30.1 |
| 1,944 | 0.9 | 31.4 |
| 1,956 | 0.9 | 32.2 |
| 1,997 | 0.9 | 33.6 |

2.13.12 Sulphur dioxide (SO₂)
The energy sector remained nearly as the sole emitter of SO₂ (Table 2.18) during the full inventory period,

The energy sector remained nearly as the sole emitter of SO₂ (Table 2.18) during the full inventory period,
its contribution fluctuating from 41.1 Gg in 2000 to 68.1 Gg in 2017. The Waste sector emitted an
insignificant amount varying from 0.5 to 0.8 Gg during the inventory period.

{sf S O}\_{2}

Table 2.18 - SO₂ emissions (Gg) by source category (2000 – 2017)

\\cdot\ {tt O O}\_{2}

| Year | Total emission |
| --- | --- |
| 2000 | 41.6 |
| 2001 | 54.4 |
| 2002 | 53.0 |
| 2003 | 53.3 |
| 2004 | 47.4 |
| 2005 | 56.8 |
| 2006 | 48.4 |
| 2007 | 45.1 |
| 2008 | 52.3 |
| 2009 | 47.1 |
| 2010 | 50.2 |
| 2011 | 52.1 |
| 2012 | 52.6 |
| 2013 | 68.1 |
| 2014 | 68.1 |
| 2015 | 61.9 |
| 2016 | 64.3 |
| 2017 | 69.0 |

| tons | Energy | Waste |
| --- | --- | --- |
|  | 41.1 | 0.5 |
|  | 53.9 | 0.5 |
|  | 52.5 | 0.6 |
|  | 52.7 | 0.6 |
|  | 46.8 | 0.6 |
|  | 56.3 | 0.6 |
|  | 47.8 | 0.6 |
|  | 44.5 | 0.6 |
|  | 51.7 | 0.6 |
|  | 46.4 | 0.7 |
|  | 49.6 | 0.7 |
|  | 51.4 | 0.7 |
|  | 51.9 | 0.7 |
|  | 67.4 | 0.7 |
|  | 67.3 | 0.7 |
|  | 61.1 | 0.8 |
|  | 63.5 | 0.8 |
|  | 68.1 | 0.8 |

* * *

of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

| Substances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2.G-Other Product Manufacture and Use | NO | NO | NE | NO | NE | NE | NO | NE | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.H-Other | NE | NE | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE |
| 3.Agriculture, Forestry,and Other Land Use | 315427.959 | 1669.820 | 87.037 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 | 6.296 | NE |
| 3.A-Livestock | NA | 1327.769 | 5.278 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.B-Land | 319970.583 | NA | 0.000 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.C-Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land | NE | 342.051 | 81.760 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 | 6.296 | NA |
| 3.D-Other | -4542.625 | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 4.Waste | 115.080 | 877.715 | 23.267 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23.585 | 414.079 | 33.603 |
| 4.A-Solid Waste Disposal | NA | 281.940 | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | 24.481 | 0.000 |
| 4.B-Biological Treatment of Solid Waste | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NA |
| 4.C-Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | 115.080 | 48.209 | 0.634 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23.585 | 414.079 | 9.123 |
| 4.D-Wastewater Treatment and Discharge | NA | 547.565 | 22.633 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 4.E-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 5.Other | NO | NO | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |

| Categories | Emissions (gg) |  |  | Emissions CO2 Equivalents (gg) |  |  |  | Emissions (gg) |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Net CO2(1)(2) | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCS | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2 equivalent conversion factors (3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2 equivalent conversion factors (4) | NOx | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |  |  |
| Total National Emissions and Removals | 458340.931 | 6524.494 | 123.072 | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | 495.105 | 10958.904 | 2031.493 | 68.957 |
| 1- Energy | 131196.320 | 3976.360 | 12.768 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 471.316 | 10538.528 | 1996.990 | 68.141 |
| 1.A-Fuel Combustion Activities | 126454.141 | 707.809 | 12.697 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 459.468 | 10489.084 | 1674.573 | 65.616 |
| 1.B-Fugitive emissions from fuels | 4742.179 | 3268.551 | 0.070 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.848 | 49.444 | 322.417 | 2.525 |
| 1.C-Carbon dioxide Transport and Storage | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2-Industrial Processes and Product Use | 11601.572 | 0.600 | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0.001 | 5.300E-05 | 0.900 | 0.000 |
| 2.A-Mineral Industry | 5239.845 | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B-Chemical Industry | 1.727 | NO | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | 0.001 | 5.300E-05 | NO | NO |
| 2.C-Metal Industry | 6360.000 | 0.600 | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | 0.900 | NO | NO |
| 2.D-Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use | NE | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NE | NO |
| 2.E-Electronics Industry | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F-Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

Inventory Year 2017 – Short Summary -19.2 Table of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

|  | Emissions(Gg) |  |  | EmissionsCO2Equivalents(Gg) |  |  |  | Emissions(Gg) |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Categories | Net CO2(1)2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2eq conversion factors(3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2eq conversion factors(4) | NOx | CO | NNVOCs | SO2 |
| Total National Emissions and Removals | 458340.931 | 6524.494 | 123.072 | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | 495.105 | 10958.904 | 2031.493 | 68.957 |
| \- Energy | 131196.320 | 3976.360 | 12.768 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 471.316 | 10538.528 | 1996.990 | 68.141 |
| 1.A-Fuel Combustion Activities | 126454.141 | 707.809 | 12.697 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 459.468 | 10489.084 | 1674.573 | 65.616 |
| 1.A.1-Energy Industries | 57052.162 | 12.146 | 1.589 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 120.565 | 72.365 | 5.329 | 10.541 |
| 1.A.2-Manufacturing Industries and Construction | 14758.460 | 4.607 | 0.598 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 41.983 | 89.030 | 47.921 | 3.871 |
| 1.A.3-Transport | 37646.979 | 14.353 | 1.615 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 157.924 | 1476.259 | 273.636 | 9.595 |
| 1.A.4-Other Sectors | 16996.540 | 676.703 | 8.895 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 138.997 | 8851.429 | 1347.688 | 41.609 |
| 1.A.5-Non-Specified | NE | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 1.B-Fugitive emissions from fuels | 4742.179 | 3268.551 | 0.070 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.848 | 49.444 | 322.417 | 2.525 |
| 1.B.1-Solid Fuels | NE | 0.758 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 44.204 | NA |
| 1.B.2-Oil and Natural Gas | 4742.179 | 3267.793 | 0.070 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.848 | 49.444 | 278.213 | 2.525 |

Inventory Year 2017 – Long Summary -20.2 Table

|  | Emissions(g) |  |  | EmissionsCO2Equivalents(gg) |  |  |  | Emissions(gg) |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Categories | NetCO2(1)(2) | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2equivalent conversion factors(3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2equivalent conversion factors(4) | NOx | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |
| 5.A-Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NO2and NH3 | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5.B-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| Memo Items(5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| International Bunkers | 1246.484 | 0.015 | 0.035 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6.552 | 0.576 | 0.247 | 0.821 |
| 1.A.3.a.i-International Aviation(International Bunkers)(1) | 1176.440 | 0.008 | 0.033 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.776 | 0.410 | 0.187 | 0.373 |
| 1.A.3.d.i-International water-borne navigation(international bunkers)(1) | 70.044 | 0.006 | 0.002 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.776 | 0.166 | 0.061 | 0.448 |
| 1.A.5.c.-Multilateral Operations(1)(2) | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |

* * *

of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

|  | Emissions (Gg) |  |  |  | Emissions (Gg) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Net CO2(1)2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PEC | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO eq conversion factors (3) | Other halogenated gases without CO eq conversion factors (4) | NOx | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |  |
| Categories | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NA |
| 1.B.3- Other emissions from Energy Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1.C. Carbon dioxide Transport and Storage | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1.C.1- Transport of CO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1.C.2- Injection and Storage | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1.C.3- Other | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2- Industrial Processes and Product Use | 11601.572 | 0.600 | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE | 0.001 | 5.300E-05 | 0.900 | NE |  |
| 2.A.1- Mineral Industry | 5239.845 | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.A.1- Cement production | 5239.845 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.A.2- Lime production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.A.3- Glass production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.A.4- Other processes Uses of Carbates | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.A.5- Other Release species) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B- Chemical Industry | 1.727 | NO | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | 0.001 | 5.300E-05 | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.1- Ammonia Production | 1.727 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.001 | 5.300E-05 | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.2- Nitric Acid Production | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.B.3- Adipic Acid Production | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.4- Carbohydrate, Glyoxal and Glyoxyl Acid Production | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.5- Caffeide Production | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.B.6- Transium Dioxide Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |

* * *

of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

| Substances |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2.F.1-Refrigeration and Air Conditioning | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.2-Foam Blowing Agents | NA | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.3-Fire Protection | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.4-Aerosols | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.5-Solvents | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F.6-Other Applications (please specify) | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G-Other Product Manufacture and Use | NO | NO | NE | NO | NE | NE | NO | NE | NA | NA |
| 2.G.1-Electrical Equipment | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NE | NA | NA |
| 2.G.2-SFs and PFCs from Other Product Uses | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NE | NA | NA |
| 2.G.3-N2O from Product Uses | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.G.4-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.H-Other | NE | NE | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.1-Pulp and Paper Industry | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.2-Food and Beverages industry | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NE |
| 2.H.3-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |

|  | Emissions (gg) |  |  | CO2 Equivalents (Gg) |  |  |  | Emissions (gg) |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Categories | Net CO2(1)(2) | CH4 | N2O | HFC5 | PFC5 | SFe | Other halogenated gases with CO2eq conversion factors(3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2eq conversion factors(4) | NOx | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |
| 2.C.6-Zinc Production | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.C.7-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.D-Non-Energy Products from Fuels and Solvent Use | NE | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NE | NO |
| 2.D.1-Lubricant Use | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.D.2-Paraffin Wax Use | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.D.3-Solvent Use | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA |
| 2.D.4-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 2.E.-Electronics Industry | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.E.1-Integrated Circuit or Semiconductor | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.E.2-TFI Flat Panel Display | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.E.3-Photovoltaics | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.E.4-Heat Transfer Fluid | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.E.5-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 2.F-Product Uses as Substitutes for Ozone Depleting | NA | NA | NA | NE | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |

* * *

of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

| sources on land |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 3.C.1-Emissions from biomass burning | NA | 0.191 | 0.007 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 | 6.296 | NA |
| 3.C.2-Liming | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.3-Urea application | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.4-Direct N2O Emissions from managed soils | NA | NA | 60.714 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.5-Indirect N2O Emissions from managed soils | NA | NA | 19.831 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.6-Indirect N2O Emissions from manure management | NA | NA | 1.208 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.7-Rice cultivations | NA | 341.860 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.C.8-Other (please specify) | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D-Other | -4542.625 | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.D.1-Harvested Wood Products | -4542.625 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.D.2-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 4-Waste | 115.080 | 877.715 | 23.267 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23.585 | 414.079 | 33.603 |
| 4.A-Solid Waste Disposal | NA | 281.940 | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | 24.481 |
| 4.B-Biological Treatment of Solid Waste | NA | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO |
| 4.C-Incineration and Open Burning of Waste | 115.080 | 48.209 | 0.634 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 23.585 | 414.079 | 9.123 |
| 4.D-Wastewater Treatment and Discharge | NA | 547.565 | 22.633 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | 5.400E-05 |

|  | Emissions(Gg) |  |  | EmissionsCO2Equivalents(Gg) |  |  |  | Emissions(Gg) |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Categories | NetCO2(1)(2) | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2eq conversion factors(3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2eq conversion factors(4) | NOx | CO | NM/VOCs | SO2 |
| 3-Agriculture,Forestry,and Other Land Use | 315427.959 | 1669.820 | 87.037 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 | 6.296 | NE | NO |
| 3.A-Livestock | NA | 1327.769 | 5.278 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA |
| 3.A.1-Energetic Fermentation | NA | 1266.914 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 3.A.2-Mature Management | NA | 60.855 | 5.278 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NE | NA |
| 3.B-Land | 319970.583 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.1-Forest land | 319970.583 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.2-Cropland | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.3-Grassland | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.4-Wetlands | NO | NA | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.5-Settlements | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.B.6-Other Land | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 3.C-Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions | NE | 342.051 | 81.760 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0.203 | 6.296 | NA | NA |

* * *

of the Federal Republic of NigeriaSecond Biennial Update Report (BUR2)

| Categories | Emissions(Gg) |  |  | EmissionsCO2Equivalents(Gg) |  |  |  | Emissions(Gg) |  |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Net CO2(1)2 | CH4 | N2O | HFCs | PFCs | SF6 | Other halogenated gases with CO2eq conversion factors(3) | Other halogenated gases without CO2eq conversion factors(4) | NOx | CO | NMVOCs | SO2 |  |
| 4.E-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 5-Other | NO | NO | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| 5.A-Indirect N2O emissions from the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen in NOx and NH3 | NA | NA | NE | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5.B-Other (please specify) | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |
| Memo items(5) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
| International Bunkers | 1246.484 | 0.015 | 0.035 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 6.552 | 0.576 | 0.247 | 0.821 |
| 1.A.3.a.i-International Aviation(International Bunkers)(1) | 1176.440 | 0.008 | 0.033 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.776 | 0.410 | 0.187 | 0.373 |
| 1.A.3.d.i-International water-borne navigation(International Bunkers)(1) | 70.044 | 0.006 | 0.002 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.776 | 0.166 | 0.061 | 0.448 |
| 1.A.5.c-Multilateral Operations(1)2) | NE | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO | NO |

* * *

# Mitigation actions and their effects

| 2017 (Figure 3.1). Per capita emission (t) 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1995 2000 2005 sectors contributed 94% of national aggregated (CO2 (4.5%) and the remaining 11,618 Gg CO2 sectors of the economy. | Nigeria has been active in implementing mitigation actions for quite some time to honour its commitments as a signatory Party to the Convention. It implemented numerous Clean Development Mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol and national ones using its own resources. This is reflected in the decrease observed in the per capita emissions and GDP emissions index during the period 2000 to GDP emissions index (Year 2000 = 100) 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2010 2015 2020 Figure 3.1 - Per capita GHG emissions and GDP emissions index Nigeria’s latest mitigation assessment is available in the TNC (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2020). The mitigation assessment has been guided by the declared LCD agenda of the country in line with the various sectoral policies and plans developed within the framework of the NCCPRS. Given the urgency to curb maximum emissions as per the PA, Nigeria has privileged the highest emitting sectors, namely AFOLU and Energy, based on the KCA of the GHG inventory of the NC3 (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2020). These two , CH4 and N2 O) emissions in the year 2016, and in the latest inventory year 2017. In 2017, AFOLU headed the sectors with 389,790 Gg CO2 -eq (57.5%) of total aggregated emissions followed by Energy with 245,918 Gg CO2 -eq (36.3%), Waste 30,857 Gg CO2 -eq -eq (1.7%) from IPPU. The mitigation analysis consisted in the evaluation of the emissions reduction potential of deliberate measures in the different socio-economic The measures by socio-economic sector are given in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 - Mitigation measures identified in Nigeria’s TNC. |
| --- | --- |
| Economic sector | Measures |
| Energy (Energy Industries) | • Penetration of Renewable Energy to the electricity Grid |
| Energy (Oil and Gas production) | • Elimination of flaring of associated gas in the Nigerian oil and gas sectors |
| Energy (Industry and residential) | • Energy Efficiency Measures • Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Program • Penetration of Rooftop Solar PVs for Off-grid power generation • Cooking fuels switch • Efficient Fuelwood Cookstoves Program |
| Energy (Transport) | • BRT Transport Program |
| AFOLU (Land) | • Forest management (Afforestation, reforestation and reduction in wood removals) |

## Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

The LEAP model was used to simulate and project emissions reductions for the year 2035 for the identified
mitigation measures. The cumulative mitigation potential of the twelve measures evaluated in the
mitigation assessment is estimated at 170 million tonnes CO2-eq in the year 2035. The AFOLU (Land)
sector is projected to contribute 110 million tonnes and the Energy sector the remaining 60 million tonnes.
The mitigation potential of these measures is given in Table 3.2.

\ 0\_{2}-e\\mathfrak{q}

Table 3.2 - Mitigation potential of measures under LCD scenario in Nigeria’s TNC

| Sector and Category |  |
| --- | --- |
| NATIONAL |  |
| ENERGY |  |
| Fuel Combustion |  |
| Energy Industries |  |
| Electricity Generation |  |
| Manufacturing Industries and Transport |  |
| Road Transportation |  |
| Other Sectors |  |
| Commercial/Institution Residential |  |
| Fugitive Emissions(Oil&Natural) |  |
| AFOLU |  |
| Land |  |

| Activity | Mitigation potential(Gg CO2 eq) |
| --- | --- |
|  | 170,016.51 |
|  | 60,002.18 |
|  | 53,426.80 |
|  | 45,248.40 |
|  | 45,248.40 |
| Field Construction | 405.30 |
|  | 4,897.90 |
|  | 4,897.80 |
|  | 2,875.20 |
| Total | -3,196.80 |
|  | 6,072.00 |
| (Gas) | 6,575.38 |
|  | 110,014.33 |
|  | 110,014.33 |

More information about national policies, options and actions adopted by the Nigerian government to
mitigate climate change are further detailed in tables that follow in this chapter. While fostering a low
carbon development, these actions have significant sustainable development effects on Nigeria’s
economy.

The information on mitigation actions and their effects have been reported, to the extent possible, based
on the guidelines for reporting in BURs as outlined in Decision 2/CP.17, Annex III, Section IV. However,

The information on mitigation actions and their effects have been reported, to the extent possible, based
on the guidelines for reporting in BURs as outlined in Decision 2/CP.17, Annex III, Section IV. However,

on the guidelines for reporting in BURs as outlined in Decision 2/CP.17, Annex III, Section IV. However,
due to the inexistence of a systematic archiving system in the country to track mitigation actions and
record the outcomes, including a quantitative estimation of emissions avoided, this latter information has

record the outcomes, including a quantitative estimation of emissions avoided, this latter information has
not always been provided. This situation resulted also from the fact that the country still lacks activity
data and sufficient knowledge to construct baselines for quantifying emissions at different levels, notably
at the facility or plant level. These barriers to reporting are presently being addressed but progress is quite
slow due to the size of the country, the scope of activities and the lack of resources, including capacity.
Nigeria is committed to strengthen existing systems to improve reporting of mitigation actions under the
ETF of the PA agreement. In this context, capacity building has started for DCC staff and other concerned
stakeholders within the framework of the preparation of this BUR2 with limited resources. It should be

record the outcomes, including a quantitative estimation of emissions avoided, this latter information has
not always been provided. This situation resulted also from the fact that the country still lacks activity
data and sufficient knowledge to construct baselines for quantifying emissions at different levels, notably
at the facility or plant level. These barriers to reporting are presently being addressed but progress is quite
slow due to the size of the country, the scope of activities and the lack of resources, including capacity.
Nigeria is committed to strengthen existing systems to improve reporting of mitigation actions under the
ETF of the PA agreement. In this context, capacity building has started for DCC staff and other concerned
stakeholders within the framework of the preparation of this BUR2 with limited resources. It should be

stakeholders within the framework of the preparation of this BUR2 with limited resources. It should be
highlighted that the capacity building programme has been severely compromised by the COVID-19
pandemic. Nigeria intends to speed up capacity building and the setting up of appropriate systems for
tracking mitigation actions for reporting in BTRs under the PA when funds become available under the
CBIT project.

* * *

regional mitigation, Projects under the Short Lived Climate Pollutant (SLCP) Action Plan (Tables 3.40 to
3.47) and Nigerian supported mitigation activities by action or group of actions, (Tables 3.49 to 3.61).

For the year 2019 under review, it is estimated that the CDM projects have resulted in an emissions
reduction of the order of 6,967 thousand tonnes, the PoA projects to a reduction of 215 thousand tonnes
while emissions avoided by the locally funded projects have not been exhaustively estimated and thus
not quantified and presented here.

Policies

Table 3.3 - Policy – National Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy (NCCPRS)

| Name of action | National Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy(NCCPRS) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Foster low-carbon high economic growth and build a climate resilient society |
| Description | The plan includes concrete targets in specific areas(climate change adaptation,afforestation,and energy supply)to help meet challenges.Implement mitigation to promote low carbon sustainable high economic growth;enhance national capacity to adapt to climate change;Increase public awareness;involve private sector to address CC challenges;Strengthen national institutions and mechanisms for a suitable and functional CC Governance framework |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Sector/Type | Policy-Multi-sectoral |
| Status | Adopted in 2012 |
| Implementing entity | Federal Executive Council |
| Progress indicators | Comprehensive strategy，as well as a number of specific policies adopted |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Comprehensive strategy and several specific policies adoptedAwareness campaigns and public initiativesCC mitigation efforts considered in policy plans and initiatives championed by several ministries，departments，and agencies. |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | NCCPRS implemented |
| Co benefits | Sustainable development |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathsf{C O2},\\mathsf{C H4},\\mathsf{N\_{2}O}

| Name of action | The Nigerian National Biofuels Program |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Production of Low Carbon intensive fuel |
| Description | The Bio-fuel program constitutes a major and unique attempt to integrate the agricultural sector of the economy with the downstream petroleum sector though production of Biofuels(Ethanol and Biodiesel) for use as blends with Gasoline(E10)和Diesel(B20)为 alternative fuel in the transport sector |
| Gases | CO2，CH4 |
| Type | Policy- Energy Road Transportation |
| Status | Ongoing |

Table 3.4 - Policy – The Nigerian National Biofuels Program

C0\_{2},C H\_{4}

* * *

| Name of action | The Nigerian National Biofuels Program |
| --- | --- |
| Implementing entity | NNPCNew Feasibility studies in progressBudgetary provision and funding for the projects provided by Federal Government.Biofuel Policy approved by Federal Executive CouncilETHANOL: 5 bankable feasibility studies + 3 ESIA studies with favourable economics developed |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Biofuel Policy approved by Federal Executive Council |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | 8 projects worked outA national biofuel program to reduce dependence on imported gasoline.GHG emissions reduction for climate change mitigation |
| Co benefits | Promote job creation, rural and agricultural development and technology acquisition and transfer.Better health through reduction of air pollutants |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | To be determined(TBD) |
| Table 3.5-Policy-National Energy Policy |  |
| Name of action | National Energy Policy |
| Main objective | Ensure development of the nation's energy resources, diversify energy options,national energy security and efficient energy delivery with optimal energy mix. |
| Description | Guarantee adequate,reliable,and sustainable energy supply at appropriate costs for various sectors of economic development. Ensure a comprehensive,integrated,and well-informed energy sector plans and programmes for effective development.Promote R&D in,and adoption of,sustainable low carbon and clean energy technologies to mitigate CC and environmental pollutionPromote efficiency,conservation and carbon management best practices in the energy supply chainEnsure effective coordination of energy planning,programmes and policy implementation. |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Policy-Energy Multisectoral |
| Status | Under development |
| Implementing entity | The Energy Commission of Nigeria |
| Progress indicators | Policy drafted |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Refer to objectives |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Draft framework produced |
| Co benefits | To promote gender sensitivity and special attention to rural energy needs.To ensure effective coordination of national energy planning,programmes and policy implementation.To foster international co-operation in energy trade and projects development |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

* * *

Table 3.6 - Policy – The Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda

| Name of action | The Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | The key objectives of the SE4ALL initiative globally are to ensure universal access to modern energy services; doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; and doubling the share of renewable energy in global energy mix by 2030 compared to 2010 |
| Description | By 2030:90% of population access electricity;RE contribute about 30% in electricity mix,20% households use efficient lighting by 2015,40% by 2020,almost 100% by 2030 |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Policy-Sustainable Energy |
| Status | 2012-2030 |
| Implementing entity | Inter-ministerial committee on Renewable energy and energy efficiency(ICREEE) National Council on power |
| Progress indicators | Development of SE4ALL Action Agenda Followed by a high-level adoption meeting |
| Steps taken/envisaged | In 2030:90% population access electricity,RE is 30% of electricity mix and40% households use efficient lighting |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Agenda produced |
| Co benefits | Emissions abated,better standard of living of population,improved health |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

Table 3.7 - Policy – National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy

| Name of action | National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To strengthen penetration of renewable energy and improve energy efficiency(EE)in the country |
| Description | NREEEP seeks to achieve the following: |
| A renewable electricity target of 16% by 2030 as opposed to the current1.3% |  |
| Overall thrust is to optimize utilization of energy resources for development. |  |
| Produce guidelines on all key components of EE by 2020, |  |
| Ensure reduction in transmission/distribution losses from 12-40% to under10% by 2020, |  |
| Enact all relevant legislation for policy implementation by 2020, |  |
| Replace 40%(by 2020)和(by 2030)of old and inefficient appliances with energy efficient appliances |  |
| Replace all incandescent bulbs with LEDs/other energy saving ones |  |
| Reduce energy related GHG emissions by 15% of 2013 levels by 2025 |  |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Policy-Energy Efficiency |
| Status | Approved |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Power and Energy Commission |
| Progress indicators | National Renewable Energy Action Plan(NREAP)和National Energy Efficiency Action Plan(NEEAP)formulated |

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

* * *

| Name of action | National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy |
| --- | --- |
|  | Steering Committee/ICREEE MeetingInception Meeting with Ministers of Power and Permanent SecretariesThematic Working Groups MeetingsHigh Level Kick-Off of the AP and AAStakeholder Meeting/Validation Workshop, Development of Baseline Report,Draft Baseline Report,NREAP,and NEEAP to ECREEE-2014Backstopping Expert Review and Development of SE4ALL Action Agenda,Stakeholder Consultation MeetingICREEE adopted theNREAP,NEEAP&SE4ALLAA-2015High Level Adoption/Validation 2016 |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Kick-off Meeting |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Policy approved |
| Co benefits | Security of energy supplyCost competitiveness and environmental protectionIncrease investment in theRenewable energy sub-sectorImproved standard of living and health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

Table 3.8 - Policy – The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP)

| Name of action | The Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | REMP aims to articulate a roadmap for the accelerated development and exploitation of renewable energy. |
| Description | REMP seeks to increase the supply of RE from 13% of total electricity generation in 2015 to 23% in 2025 and 36% by 2030 |
| Gases | CO2，CH4 |
| Type | Policy-Renewable Energy |
| Status | 2012-yet to be approved |
| Implementing entity | Energy Commission of Nigeria |
| Progress indicators | Target set for power generation using biomass,solar,hydropower,and wind. |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Increase RE electricity production from 13% in 2015 to 36% in 2030 |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | IPCC 2006 guidelines to estimate emissions avoided. |
| -Develop new generation plants using RE instead of natural gas |  |
| -45% generation efficiency for natural gas |  |
| -95% generation efficiency and 70% availability of hydro. |  |
| Outcomes achieved | Roadmap under approval process |
| Co benefits | Stimulate economic growth and employment,Raise standard of living in rural areas,Prevent environment degradation,Reduce health risks of vulnerable groups |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 11,492 Gg CO2-eq in 2030 |

* * *

Table 3.9 - Policy – Large Scale Hydro Power Project

| Name of action | Large Scale Hydro Power Project |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Enhance hydropower development through the construction and rehabilitation of dams for electricity generation |
| Description | 1- Zungeru project-700MW2-Mambilla Project-3,050MW3-Gurara II Project-360MW4-Gurara I Project-30MW5-Itisi Project-40MW6-Kashimbilla Project-40MW7-Rehabilitate 33 dams,27 small earth dams and 19 others with a total capacity of 3,557 MW |
| Gases | $\\mathrm{CO\_{2}}$ |
| Type | Energy-Renewable Energy |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Power |
| Progress indicators | 7 dams with a capacity of 2,269 million m³ completed |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 6 hydropower stations to be commissioned,7 dams rehabilitated or commissioned for a hydropower generation |
| MethodologiesAssumptions | IPCC 2006 guidelines to estimate emissions avoided.Develop new generation plants using RE instead of natural gas45% generation efficiency for natural gas-95% generation efficiency and 70% availability of hydro. |
| Outcomes achieved | Sites identified and potential estimated |
| Co benefits | Better standard of living of population,better health through improved environmental quality,job creation |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Projects 1-6:12,237 Gg CO2 -eq/yrProject 7:TBD |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

m^{3}

Table 3.10 - Policy – Production and use of biofuel

| Name of action | Production and use of biofuel |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Biofuel Production |
| Description | Development of 11 biofuel production complexes in Ekiti state |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Road transportation |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | Ministry of Environment and Global Biofuels Ltd |
| Progress indicators | One site identified in Ekiti state and plans to establish same at Ondo,Kwara,Osun,Oyo,Kogi,Kaduna,Kano,Zamfara,Benue Plateau,Nasarawa |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 11 biofuel plants to be developed |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | One site identified and potential remaining ones planned |
| Co-benefits | Emissions reduction，job creation，better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

C o\_{2},C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

* * *

Table 3.11 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy

| Name of action | Production and use of Renewable Energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Production of sugar for local use and export, ethanol and ultimately electricity |
| Description | Develop sugarcane-based biofuel plants in Girei and Demsa |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Road transportation and electricity production |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | RE Program Office，Adamawa State Government and Green Carbon Africa |
| Progress indicators | 2 sites identified and 10 planned |
| Steps taken/envisaged | This integrated project is replicated in ten other states of the country |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | 12 ethanol and sugar production plants to be developed |
| Co benefits | Economic，job creation，better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

C O\_{2},C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

Table 3.12 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy

| Name of action | Production and use of Renewable Energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Establish an integrated Rice Processing and Power Generating Facility |
| Description | Large-scale rice production and self-generated power from rice-husk |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Electricity production |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | RE Program Office，Carbon Quest and Adamawa State |
| Progress indicators | Project development under way |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Establish an integrated rice processing and power plant |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | State identified for project |
| Co benefits | Economic，food security |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathsf{C O} _{2},\\mathsf{C H}_{4},\\mathsf{N}\_{2}O

| Name of action | Adopt clean cook stoves |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduce emissions via increased combustion efficiency of firewood using clean cook stoves |
| Description | Through the Alliance for Clean Stoves, sensitization to change the mindset of the average Nigerian to promote adoption of clean cook stoves |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy Efficiency(Residential) |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | FME，Federal Ministry of Women Affairs and International Centre for Energy Environment and Development(ICEED) |
| Progress indicators | Awareness campaign started |

Table 3.13 - Policy – Adopt clean cook stoves

\\mathsf{C O2},\\mathsf{C H4},\\mathsf{N\_{2}O}

* * *

| Name of action | Adopt clean cook stoves |
| --- | --- |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Distribute30 million clean and energy efficient cook stoves in5 years |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | IPCC2006 guidelines to estimate emissions avoided. |

- Improve efficiency from15to30% \|
  \| Outcomes achieved \| Sensitization partly done \|
  \| Co benefits \| Improve health,cleaner environment,prevent deforestation and degradation \|
  \| GHG reductions(Gg) \| 90,054GgCO2-eq/yrasfrom2025when30millionstovesdistributed \|

Table 3.14 - Policy – Production and use of Renewable Energy

| Name of action | Production and use of renewable energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Provide energy from renewable sources to new housing schemes |
| Description | Incorporate micro generation of electricity, mainly solar and Bioenergy in housing schemes |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy (Residential) |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | FME and Aso Savings & Loans Plc |
| Progress indicators | One project launched |
| Steps taken/envisaged | First project launched in Kaduna with the prospect of containing 2000 Housing Units; other states to roll out similar housing schemes |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | One project launched |
| Co benefits | Economic，cleaner environment，improve health |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

Cmathsf{C2},\\mathsf{C H4},\\mathsf{N}\_{2}O\

Table 3.15 - Policy – Adoption of renewable energy

| Name of action | Adoption of renewable energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Adoption of clean cook stoves and solar lighting systems |
| Description | Widespread deployment of clean cook stoves and solar lighting systems |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy (Residential) |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | MDGs and Federal Government of Nigeria’s Transformation Agenda |
| Progress indicators | More than 1.3 million women registered with Rural Women Energy Security (RUWES) provided with small off-grid lighting systems |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Small off-grid lighting systems using light emitting diodes(LEDs) supplied |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | More than 1.3 million women supplied with systems |
| Co benefits | Empowerment of rural women, improved health, better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathsf{C O2},\\mathsf{C H4},\\mathsf{N\_{2}O}

* * *

Table 3.16 - Policy – Adoption of renewable energy

| Name of action | Adoption of renewable energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Production of solar lighting systems in Nigeria through NAIJA LIGHT Solar Electrification Programme |
| Description | Federal Ministry of environment has patented products under the RE Access Program (REAP) in partnership with the Indian Government |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of environment |
| Progress indicators | RE products patented |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Products patented and production to follow |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Partnership developed with Indian government for producing patented products |
| Co benefits | Economic, job creation, technology transfer |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

Table 3.17 - Policy – Nigeria Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity

| Name of action | Nigeria Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Development and implementation of an optimal economic instrument to promote production of electricity from renewable energy sources. |
| Description | Feed-in tariff for hydro schemes not exceeding 30MW, all biomass cogeneration power plants, solar and wind-based power plants, irrespective of their sizes. |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Regulatory-Renewable Energy |
| Status | Development of feed-in tariff ongoing |
| Implementing entity | Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission |
| Progress indicators | Electricity distribution companies(Discos)to source at least50%oftheir total procurementfrom renewablesand50%from the Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Company |
| Steps taken/envisaged | By2020,a total of2,000MW generated through biomass,small hydrowind and solar |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | 14PPAs initiatedforabout1,125MWto the grid |
| Co benefits | Economic,better air quality,improve health |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

C2,C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

Table 3.18 - UN-REDD Programme

| Name of action | UN-REDD Programme |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation,and foster conservation,sustainable management of forests,and enhancement of forest carbon stocks |

* * *

| Name of action | UN-REDD Programme |
| --- | --- |
| Description | The Nigeria REDD+ Readiness Program foresees a twin-track approach:(i)the development of institutional and technical capacities at Federal level,and(ii)carrying out intense institutional,strategy-building and demonstration activities in Cross River State. |
| Gases | $\\textcircled{1}$CO2 |
| Type | AFOLU-REDD+ |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | Forestry department(FME)&Cross River State |
| Progress indicators | Two additional states(Nasarawa and Ondo States)have joined the REDD+programme since its inception in2009 |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Developa National Strategy to reduce deforestationCreate a safeguard information system to help forest communitiesProduce a draft“road map”for development of the NationalStrategy/Action PlanCreate a National Forest Monitoring System to track changes by MRV.Enhance capacity of relevant stakeholders at both federal and state levels |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Training on Forest monitoring and MRVForest Carbon InventoryImage processing and interpretation of satellite imagery;andGHG Inventory for LULUCF |
| Co benefits | Protection of forest ecosystems,improved livelihood of forest communities, improve forest ecosystem services |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

Table 3.19 - Federal Ministry of Environment: Solid Waste Program Interventions

| Name of action | Federal Ministry of Environment: Solid Waste Program Interventions |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | ·Implement integrated solid waste management including medical waste, promote recycling and Construction of Integrated Waste Management Facilities in 11 states |
| ·Establishment of several Recycling interventions |  |
| ·Solid and Medical Waste Disposal intervention across the country |  |
| Description | ·Construction of Integrated Waste Disposal & Management Facility in 13 states |
| ·Establish Scrap Metal Recovery Plant; Other Waste Recycling Facility |  |
| ·Multi-Purpose Plastic Recycling Plant; Pure Water Sachet Recycling Plant |  |
| ·Procurement and installation of: Community Based Solid Waste Management Scheme; Hospital waste intervention schemes; Bio-Medical Waste Incinerators; Waste Disposal Trucks |  |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Waste-Solid waste management |
| Status | Ongoing-11 states out of 13 identified |
| Implementing entity | FMENV in conjunction with municipalities and individual States |
| Progress indicators | Projects for other states in the pipeline |
| Recycling activities promoted in informal sector, formal sector is increasingly becoming interested |  |

C O\_{2},C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

* * *

| Name of action | Federal Ministry of Environment: Solid Waste Program Interventions |
| --- | --- |
|  | Draft National Policy on Solid Waste Management |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project partly implemented |
| Recycling activities identified |  |
| Activities identified |  |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Some facilities commissioned |
| Implementation under way |  |
| Action plan drafted |  |
| Co benefits | Health benefits resulting from better air quality associated with Integrated Waste Management |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

Table 3.20 - Projects under the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA)

| Name of action | Projects under the Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Integrated Waste Management |
| Description | Ensure the achievement of effective and efficient management of solid waste services delivered to the population of Lagos. |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Waste-Solid Waste Management |
| Status | Partly implemented |
| Implementing entity | LAWMA |
| Progress indicators | 9 landfills completed;4 being commissioned;and 4 planned |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 1\. Rehabilitation of infrastructure in landfill Olusosun |
| 2\. Rehabilitation and provision of infrastructure at EGBA Solous Abule |  |
| 3\. Supply and installation of Pollution Control Team-Olushosun Landfill Simpson |  |
| 4\. Renovation and improvement of waste Load Transfer Station |  |
| 5\. Stabilization Ewu-LP landfill road |  |
| 6\. Supply of 3 Tana Landfill Compactors |  |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | 9 landfills completed projects |
| Co benefits | Improved health of population,cleaner environment |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | NA |

{sf C C} _{2},{\\sf C H}_{4},{\\sf N}\_{2}{\\sf O}

The following mitigation actions have been implemented under the Kyoto Protocol CDM financial
mechanism. Details are available on the CDM website.

* * *

Table 3.21 - CDM – Recovery of associated gas that would otherwise be flared at Kwale oil-gas processing plant,
Nigeria

| Name of action | Recovery of associated gas that would otherwise be flared at Kwale oil-gas processing plant, Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | The capture and utilization of majority of associated gas previously sent to flaring at the Kwali Plant(Kwali OGPP). |
| Description | CDM，project，Energy(Oil和Gas) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy- Reduce flaring |
| Status | Ongoing，Registered9Nov2006 ending2015 |
| Implementing entity | Eni Nigeria Agip Oil Company |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project completed and extended |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0009ver.2 |
| Outcomes achieved | Recovered gas leading to emission reduction |
| Co benefits | Emissions reduction，better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 1497 |

\\mathrm{C{0}\_{2}}

Table 3.22 - CDM – Pan Ocean Gas Utilization Project

| Name of action | Pan Ocean Gas Utilization Project |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To eliminate gas flaring at the Ovade-Ogharefe and the Obi-Anyima oil fields operated by Pan Ocean oil corporation in a joint venture partnership with NNPC |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy(Oil and Gas) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Ongoing,Registered01Feb2009 ending2020 |
| Implementing entity | NNPC&Pan Ocean Corporation(Nigeria) |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0009ver.2 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Emissions reduction,better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 2627 |

Table 3.23 - CDM – Efficient Fuel Wood Stoves for Nigeria

| Name of action | Efficient Fuel Wood Stoves for Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To disseminate up to 12,500 efficient fuel wood stoves(SAVE80)和heat retaining polypropylene boxes in different states located in the Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria. |
| Description | CDM，project，Energy(EE) |
| Gases | CO2 |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

\\mathrm{C{02}}

* * *

| Name of action | Efficient Fuel Wood Stoves for Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Energy-energy efficiency in residential sector |
| Status | Ongoing,Registered12Oct2009 ending2019 |
| Implementing entity | Nigeria Developmental Association for Renewable Energies(DARE),the German NGO Lernen-Helfen-Lebene.Vand the German carbon offset organization Atmosfair GMBh |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.G. |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Emissions reductionbetter air qualityforest preservation |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 31 |

Table 3.24 - CDM – Recovery and marketing of gas that would otherwise be flared at the Asuokpu / Umutu
Marginal Field, Nigeria

\\mathbf{o\ }mathsf f!{{

| Name of action | Recovery and marketing of gas that would otherwise be flared at the Asuokpu / Umutu Marginal Field, Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Recovered gas that is currently and, in the future, would be flared at the Asuokpu / Umutu Marginal Field in Block OML 38 in Nigeria to deliver it to the domestic market for productive use as an energy product. |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy (Oil and Gas) |
| Gases | CO2，CH4 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Ongoing，Registered16Oct2010 ending01May2021 |
| Implementing entity | Platform Petroleum Ltd and Newcross Petroleum Ltd and Carbon Limits AS |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0009 ver.4 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Emissions reduction，better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 257 |
|  |  |
| Name of action | Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)Composting Project in Ikorodu,Lagos State |
| Main objective | Provision of Environment Friendly waste disposal option and produce high quality compost for use in Nigeria Farms. |
| Description | CDM，project，Waste |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Waste-Solid waste management |
| Status | Ongoing，Registered15Dec2010 ending2017 |
| Implementing entity | EarthCare Nig Ltd;International Bank for Reconstruction and Development as the trustee for the Carbon Fund for Europe(CFE);Ministry of Sustainable Development and Infrastructure;Department of the Environment，Community and Local Government；Viaamse Gewest;Statkraft Carbon Invest AS |

\ {0}\_{2},C{}}H{{}\_4

C\_\_{2},C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

* * *

| Name of action | Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) Composting Project in Ikorodu,Lagos State |
| --- | --- |
| Progress indicators | ●Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | ●Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | ●AM0025 ver.11 |
| Outcomes achieved | ●GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | ●Emissions reduction,better environment |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | ●282 |

Table 3.26 - CDM – LFG project in Nigeria

| Name of action | LFG project in Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To build, operate and maintain a landfill gas collection and flaring system on three landfills in Lagos,Nigeria at Abule Egba,Solous & Olushosun. |
| Description | CDM,project,Waste(waste handling and disposal) |
| Gases | CH4 |
| Type | Waste-Solid waste management |
| Status | Ongoing,Registered12Jul2012 ending2023 |
| Implementing entity | Lagos Waste Management Authority;&Ably Carbon |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | ACM0001ver.12 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Emissions reduction,better environment |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 130 |

Table 3.27 - CDM – Afam Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Project

| Name of action | Afam Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Project |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To produce a 650MW grid-connected combined-cycle gas turbine CCGT fuelled by natural gas. |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy(renewable sources) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Energy efficiency in electricity generation |
| Status | Ongoing, Registered29 Oct 2012 ending2022 |
| Implementing entity | Shell Petroleum Development Corporation(SPDC) |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0029ver.3 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Economic,better air quality,Technology transfer |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 550 |

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

* * *

Table 3.28 - CDM - Lafarge WAPCO Partial Substitution of Alternative Fuels in Cement Facilities Project in Nigeria

| Name of action | Lafarge WAPCO Partial Substitution of Alternative Fuels in Cement Facilities Project in Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To partially replace fossil fuel used in pyro processing with lower carbon alternative fuels, primarily biomass residue, thus resulting in measurable reductions of GHG emissions in Nigeria. |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy (Manufacturing Industries) |
| Gases | $\\mathrm{CO\_{2}}$ |
| Type | Energy-Manufacturing industries |
| Status | Ongoing, Registered 18 Dec 2012 ending 2022 |
| Implementing entity | Lafarge Cement WAPCO Nig Ltd; Carbon Limits Nig. Ltd; & Lafarge S.A. |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | ACM0003 ver.7 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 167 |

\\mathrm{C{0}\_{2}}

Table 3.29 - CDM – Recovery and Utilization of Associated Gas from the Obodugwa and neighbouring oil fields in
Nigeria

Table 3.30 - CDM - Kainji Hydropower Rehabilitation Project, Nigeria

| Name of action | Recovery and Utilization of Associated Gas from the Obodugwa and neighbouring oil fields in Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To implement the infrastructure to allow for the utilization of the associated gas that is currently flared from two oil fields in OML56 In Delta State Nigeria thereby reducing the flaring of associated gas and thus emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy(Oil and Gas) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Ongoing,Registered24Dec2012ending2024 |
| Implementing entity | Xenergi Oilfield Services Limited;Midwestern Oil & Gas Company Plc;&Carbon Limits Nigeria Limited |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | ACM0009.ver5 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission avoided |
| Co benefits | Improve air quality,health |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 288 |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

| Name of action | Kainji Hydropower Rehabilitation Project, Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Rehabilitation of Kainji Unit 5,6 & 12 to provide additional power supplies to the grid and also to ensure that the incremental power is generated from renewable sources. |
| Description | CDM，project，Energy industries(renewable) |

* * *

| Name of action | Kainji Hydro |
| --- | --- |
| Gases | $\\cdot$ CO2,CH4,N2O |
| Type | $\\cdot$ Energy-Renewable |
| Status | $\\cdot$ Ongoing,Registered |
| Implementing entity | $\\cdot$ PHCN;InternationalEnergy Agency |
| Progress indicators | $\\cdot$ Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | $\\cdot$ Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | $\\cdot$ ACM0002 ver.12 |
| Outcomes achieved | $\\cdot$ Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | $\\cdot$ Economic,better air |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 873 |

| Power Rehabilitation Project, Nigeria |
| --- |
|  |
| energy |
| 28 Dec 2012 ending 2024 |
| Bank for Reconstruction and Development; & Swedish |
|  |
|  |
| and improved power generation |
| quality, improve livelihood |
|  |

\ {O} _{2},{C}{H}_{4},{N}\_{{2}}{O}

Table 3.31 - CDM – OML58 IPP Gas Fired Generation Project

| Name of action | OML58 IPP Gas Fired Generation Project |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | The construction of a combined cycle, gas powered independent power plant in the Niger Delta region in Nigeria to provide sustainable electricity to the Nigerian national grid on an on-going, reliable basis. |
| Description | CDM, project, Energy industries (energy generation) |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Electricity generation |
| Status | Ongoing，Registered 16 Dec 2014 ending 2025 |
| Implementing entity | Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation NNPC; & Total E& P Nigeria Ltd |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0029.ver.3 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improve livelihood，technology transfer |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 265 |

Cmathsf{O} _{2},\\mathsf{C H}_{4},\\mathsf{N}\_{2}O\

Table 3.32 - CDM – Ofon-2 Upstream Emission Reduction project

| Name of action | Ofon-2 Upstream Emission Reduction project |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Recovery and Utilization of Associated Gas from the Ofon 2 oil fields in Nigeria |
| Description | Gas flare capture and utilization project, Energy(Oil and Gas) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Ongoing |
| Implementing entity | NNPC/Total Exploration and Production Nigeria(TEPNG) |
| Progress indicators | Complete |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Captured Gas flare and send gas toNLNG |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AM0009 version7 |
| Outcomes achieved | GHG emission reduction |

\\mathrm{C O\_{2}}

* * *

| Name of action | Ofon-2 Up |
| --- | --- |
| Co benefits | Economic(Deliver 1 better air quality) |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 379.224 Gg/yr |

| Poststream Emission Reduction project |
| --- |
| (million SCM/day of gas to NLNG), improve health, |

Programme of activities supported by Nigerian stakeholders and/or other partners

The following mitigation actions are implemented under the Programme of Activities.

Table 3.33 - PoA – Cable Propelled Mass Transit Projects in Nigeria

| Name of action | Cable Propelled Mass Transit Projects in Nigeria |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To reduce carbon emissions relative to road transport in heavily trafficked urban areas in Nigeria by the introduction of innovative cable propelled mass transit that reduces CO2 emissions per passenger |
| Description | Energy(Transport),Nigeria |
| Gases | CO2,CH4,N2O |
| Type | Energy-Transport |
| Status | Ongoing,registered18Mar2016 ending2041 |
| Implementing entity | Ropeways Transport Ltd Nigeria |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-III.U. |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality,Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 24 |

{sf C C} _{2},{\\sf C H}_{4},{\\sf N}\_{2}{\\sf O}

Table 3.34 - PoA – Distribution of Improved Cook Stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa

| Name of action | Distribution of Improved Cook Stoves in Sub-Saharan Africa |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | The promotion and distribution/installation of fuel-efficient cook stoves in different countries in Africa. |
| Description | Energy(EE)Senegal,Ghana,Nigeria |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Energy efficiency in residential sector |
| Status | Ongoing,registered25Apr2013 ending2040 |
| Implementing entity | C-Quest Capital Malaysia Global Stoves Limited |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.G.ver.4 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality,Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 39 |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

* * *

Table 3.35 - PoA – EE of Nigeria’s Residential Lighting Stock by distributing up to 40 million Compact Fluorescent
Lamps (CFLs) to households

| Name of action | EE of Nigeria's Residential Lighting Stock by distributing up to 40 million Compact Fluorescent Lamps(CFLs)to households |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To replace incandescent bulbs with quality long life compact fluorescent lamps used in most grid connected residential households in Nigeria. |
| Description | Energy(EE),Nigeria |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy efficiency-Residential |
| Status | Ongoing,registered31Dec2012 ending2041 |
| Implementing entity | ICIMI Ltd |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.Jver.4 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission reduction,energy efficiency |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality,Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 29 |

\\mathrm{C0}\_{2}

Table 3.36 - PoA – African Improved Cooking Stoves PoA

| Name of action | African Improved Cooking Stoves PoA |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | The dissemination of improved cooking stoves in the Federal Republic of Nigeria. |
| Description | Energy(EE),Ghana,Nigeria,Liberia |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy- Energy efficiency in residential sector |
| Status | Ongoing,registered06Dec2012 ending2039 |
| Implementing entity | NA |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.G.ver.3 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality,Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 15 |

Table 3.37 - PoA – Reduction of emission from non-renewable fuel from cooking at household level

\\mathrm{C{0}\_{2}}

| Name of action | Reduction of emission from non-renewable fuel from cooking at household level |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Replace non-renewable fuel with renewable fuel for household cooking that voluntarily want to take part in the CPA project through the lease or buying of an ethanol or biogas stove, household water purifying kit or buying water from community-based water purification systems |
| Description | Energy(EE)，Nigeria和18其他 African countries |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Residential |

C2,C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

* * *

| Name of action | Reduction of emission from non-renewable fuel from cooking at household level |
| --- | --- |
| Status | Ongoing, registered 30 Nov 2012 ending 2040 |
| Implementing entity | Green Development AS |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-I.E. ver.4 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality，Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 51 |

Table 3.38 - PoA – Distribution of fuel-efficient improved cooking stoves

| Name of action | Distribution of fuel-efficient improved cooking stoves |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To promote, distribute and sell fuel - efficient improved cooking stoves in Nigeria. |
| Description | Energy(EE),Nigeria |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy- Energy efficiency in residential sector |
| Status | Ongoing, registered 07 Nov 2012 ending 2040 |
| Implementing entity | C-Quest Capital LLC |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.G.ver.3 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality,Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 47 |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

Table 3.39 - PoA – Improved Cooking Stoves for Nigeria PoA

| Name of action | Improved Cooking Stoves for Nigeria PoA |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To enhance the penetration of efficient cooking stoves by offering cost effective efficient stoves. |
| Description | Energy(EE)，Nigeria |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy- Energy efficiency in residential sector |
| Status | Ongoing，registered10Nov2011 ending2039 |
| Implementing entity | Atmosfair GmbH |
| Progress indicators | Project successful |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Project to continue |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | AMS-II.G.ver.3 |
| Outcomes achieved | Emission Reduction |

\\mathrm{C{}0}\_{2}

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

| Name of action | Improved Cooking Stoves for Nigeria PoA |
| --- | --- |
| Co benefits | Improved air quality, Health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 9 |

Projects under the Short-Lived Climate Pollutant (SLCP) Action Plan

Nigeria joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) in 2012. Being a member of the coalition, the
country embarked on a program for reducing climate pollutants commonly known as Short Lived Climate

country embarked on a program for reducing climate pollutants commonly known as Short Lived Climate
Pollutants (SLCP). Nigeria identified 8 groups of actions to make up for a total of 22 measures having dual
benefits as the implementation of these measures will also result in the reduction of GHG emissions. The
National Action Plan for the SLCP was approved by the council of ministers in 2019. Various ministries are
presently incorporating the different actions in their program of activities with funding to be provided
partly within the national budget and completed with support from the international community. The
coordination and implementation of the plan rests with the DCC. The actions under the SLCP programme
are:

country embarked on a program for reducing climate pollutants commonly known as Short Lived Climate
Pollutants (SLCP). Nigeria identified 8 groups of actions to make up for a total of 22 measures having dual
benefits as the implementation of these measures will also result in the reduction of GHG emissions. The
National Action Plan for the SLCP was approved by the council of ministers in 2019. Various ministries are
presently incorporating the different actions in their program of activities with funding to be provided
partly within the national budget and completed with support from the international community. The
coordination and implementation of the plan rests with the DCC. The actions under the SLCP programme

Table 3.40 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan - Transport

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Renewal of urban bus fleet in Lagos2. Adoption of CNG Buses in Nigeria3. Introduction of low sulphur Diesel and Petrol4. Elimination of high emitting vehicles that do not meet vehicle emission standards5. Reduction of vehicles journeys by car through transport model shifts |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Transport |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Transportation，Lagos State Ministry of Transport |
| Progress indicators | 5000 new buses in Lagos complete，50 ppm diesel fuel introduced in 2019 |
| Steps taken/envisaged | All Danfo buses fully replaced by 2021，25% all other buses converted to CNG by 2030，150 ppm petrol introduced in 2021，Euro IV limits met by all vehicles by 2030和500,000 daily journeys shifted from road to rail&waterways |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget，International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality，improve health，better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

Table 3.41 - National SLCP programme for the Residential sector

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Increase in population using modern fuels for cooking(LPG,electricity,kerosene,biogas,solar cookers);2.Replacement of traditional biomass cookstoves with more efficient improved biomass stoves3.Elimination of Kerosene lamp |

* * *

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Gases | $\\bullet$ CO2,CH4,N2O,NMVOC |
| Type | $\\bullet$ Energy-Residential |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Environment |
| Progress indicators | Number of HH using modern fuels,number of traditional cook stoves replaced,number of kerosene lamps eliminated |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 80% of H/H using modern fuels for cooking in 2030,20% H/H using improved biomass stoves for cooking in 2030 and All Kerosene lighting replaced by solar lamps by 2022. |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget,International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality,improve health,better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

{sf C C} _{2},{\\sf C H}_{4},{\\sf N}\_{2}{\\sf O},

Table 3.42 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Oil and Gas

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Elimination of gas flaring 2. Fugitive emissions/leakages Control 3. Methane Leakage Reduction |
| Gases | CH4 |
| Type | Energy-Oil and Gas |
| Status | Implementation |
| Implementing entity | NNPC, DPR, Ministry of Petroleum Resources |
| Progress indicators | Volume of gas not flared, Amount of methane emissions avoided |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 100% of gas flaring eliminated by 2020,50% Methane Reduction in fugitive emissions/leakages control by 2030 and 50% Methane leakages reduction by 2030 |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget, International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality, improve health, better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

\ \\mathrm{C H}\_{4}

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | Improved Energy Efficiency in industrial Sector |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Manufacturing industries |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Ministry of Industry |
| Progress indicators | Rate of improvement in energy efficiency |

C2{},C{}{{H H}} _{4},{N}_{2}{}{

Table 3.43 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Manufacturing industries

* * *

| Name of action |  |
| --- | --- |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 50% improvement |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into nature |
| Co benefits | Better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for Table 3.48 |

| National SLCP Plan |
| --- |
| it in energy efficiency by 2050 |
|  |
| national budget, International funding |
| improve health, better livelihood |
| for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in |

Table 3.44 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Electricity and renewable energy

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Expansion of National Electricity Coverage 2. Increase share of electricity generated in Nigeria from renewables |
| Gases | CO2, CH4,N2O |
| Type | Energy-Electricity and RE |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Power |
| Progress indicators | Electrification rate and share of RE in electricity production |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 90% of the Population have access to electricity grid by 2030 and 30% electricity generated using renewable energy in 2030 |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget,International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality,improve health,better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

Table 3.45 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Refrigeration and air cooling

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | Elimination of HFC Consumption |
| Gases | HFCs |
| Type | IPPU-Refrigeration and Air conditioning |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Environment |
| Progress indicators | Rate of phasing out of HFCs |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 10% of HFCs phased out by2030,50% by2040and80%by2045 |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget,International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for Table 3.48 |

| National SLCP Plan |
| --- |
| improve health, better livelihood |
| or all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in |

Table 3.46 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Agriculture

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Increased adoption of intermittent aeration of rice paddy fields (AWD)2. Reduce open field burning of crop residues3. Anaerobic Digestion(AD)4. Reduce Methane emissions from enteric fermentation |
| Gases | CH4 |
| Type | Agriculture |
| Status | Implementation |
| Implementing entity | Federal Ministry of Agriculture |
| Progress indicators | Area of rice paddy aerated, reduction rate of burning of crop residues, anaerobic emissions avoided, rate of reduction of emissions from enteric fermentation |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 50% cultivated land adopt AWD management system by 2030, 50% reduction in the fraction of crop residue burned in fields by 2030, 50% reduction by 2030 in anaerobic digestion and 30% reduction of methane emission from enteric fermentation |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget, International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality, improve health, better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

Table 3.47 - SLCP – National SLCP Plan – Solid and liquid waste

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduction of SLCPs |
| Description of group of actions | 1\. Reduction Methane emission and open burning of waste at open dumpsites through adoption of digesters at dump sites2.Septic Sludge collection3.Sewerage Systems and Municipal wastewater treatment plant |
| Gases | CH4 |
| Type | Waste Management |
| Status | Implementation |
| Implementing entity | Abuja Environmental Protection Board |
| Progress indicators | Rate of recovery of methane, amount of waste open burned, amount of sludge collected and treated, increase in wastewater collection and treatment |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 50% Methane recovered from landfills by 2030，50% reduction in open burning of waste by 2030，Promote Septic sludge collection，treatment and recycling in 37 municipalities and Establish，expand Sewerage System and municipal wastewater treatment plants in Lagos，Kano and Port Harcourt |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | LEAP-IBC |

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

| Name of action | National SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| Outcomes achieved | Inclusion into national budget, International funding |
| Co benefits | Better air quality, improve health, better livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | Total reduction for all groups of actions under SLCP program provided in Table 3.48 |

The potential reductions of the SLCP program are calculated by the LEAP-IBC software and a summary of
these emissions reductions is given in Table 3.48.

Table 3.48 - Summary of emissions reductions from SLCP program

| Type of emission |
| --- |
| Methane emissions |
| Carbon dioxide emissions |

| 2030 baseline | 2030 SLCP Plan |
| --- | --- |
| 4614 kt | -62% |
| 251 Mt | -13% |

Nigerian supported mitigation activities by action or group of actions

Apart from those actions falling under the aegis of various international collaboration/financing initiatives, Nigeria has also implemented mitigation actions as per following:

Table 3.49 - Installation of Solar Power Off-Grid at Bayero, Kano State (NW)

| Name of action | Installation of Solar Power Off-Grid at Bayero, Kano State(NW) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To provide electricity access to University Community round the clock for a total of capacity of 50 MW |
| Description | National Project to all the 36 States |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Institutional/Renewable Energy |
| Status | 2018-2022/Commission in June 2019 |
| Implementing entity | FMPW&H，FMENV |
| Progress indicators | 3 projects sites commissioned |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Increase RE Mix by 30%，6 Universities form 2018-2020，2nd and 3rd round to cover the remaining universities |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | Enhanced access to electricity round the clock |
| Co benefits | Energy security，Health，improve livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Table 3.50 - Installation of Solar Street Lightings - 36 States of the Federation

{mathsf{C O}}{} _{2},{\\mathsf{C H}}_{4},{\\mathsf{N}}\_{2}{\\mathsf{O}}

| Name of action | Installations of Solar Street Lightings-36 States of the Federation |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To provide street Lighting to energize community and enhance security;Pole-mounted Automatic Solar Street lights are installed are installed along Roadsides to provide illumination in the night 120MW(Cumulative) |
| Description | Energy |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |

{sf C C} _{2},{\\sf C H}_{4},{\\sf N}\_{2}{\\sf O}

* * *

| Name of action | Installations of Solar Street Lightings-36 States of the Federation |
| --- | --- |
| Type | Energy-Institutional |
| Status | Started in January 2018 |
| Implementing entity | Rural Electrification Agency, State Government |
| Progress indicators | Project under implementation |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Increase Renewable Energy Mix towards Low carbon development |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | 2500 Solar street units installed |
| Co benefits | Better air quality, improve livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Table 3.51 - Solar Mini-Grids for selected Federal Government Buildings

| Name of action | Solar Mini-Grids for selected Federal Government Buildings |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Substitute fossil energy electricity with solar from mini grids |
| Description | Installation of solar mini grids to supply 0.75 MW electricity to a number of federal government buildings |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Institutional/Renewable Energy |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | NA |
| Progress indicators | Project development |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Identification of government buildings |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | NA |
| Outcomes achieved | Draft project document |
| Co benefits | Better air quality,energy security |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | 867.24 |

{sf C C} _{2},{\\sf C H}_{4},{\\sf N}\_{2}{\\sf O}

Table 3.52 - Establishment of Acacia Plantations Bungudu & Zurmi LG Areas in Zamfara State (NW)

| Name of action | Establishment of Acacia Plantations Bungudu & Zurmi LG Areas in Zamfara State(NW) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Preserve biodiversity and ecological balance, prevent soil erosion |
| Description | Afforestation of 5 hectares in 3 locations |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | AFOLU-Afforestation |
| Status | 2018-2040 |
| Implementing entity | FMEnv |
| Progress indicators | 2500 units of Acacia species planted and maintained |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Conservation of Biological Diversity through rehabilitation of degraded land/Increase Forest Cover |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | Increased shelter belts,Micro-Climate created |

\\mathrm{C{02}}

* * *

| Name of action | Establishment of Acacia Plantations Bungudu & Zurmi LG Areas in Zamfara State(NW) |
| --- | --- |
| Co benefits | Job creation, Improve environment |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Table 3.53 - Powering boreholes using solar energy

| Name of action | Powering boreholes using solar energy |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Improve water supply to the communities |
| Description | Installation of Solar Powered Boreholes All LGAs in the 36 States |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Renewable energy |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | LGAs |
| Progress indicators | Number of boreholes powered using solar |
| Steps taken/envisaged | 774 Units to be installed |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | Installation of Solar Powered Boreholes All LGAs in the 36 States |
| Co benefits | Improve livelihood, empowerment of communities, food security |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Table 3.54 - National Biofuel Development Nation wide

| Name of action | National Biofuel Development Nation wide |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | To reduce total dependency on fossil fuel and diversify the economy through use of Biofuel blends for transport and domestic purposes |
| Description | Blending of 10% fuel ethanol with 90% Petrol (PMS) to produce E10 and Blending of 20% Biodiesel with 80% petroleum diesel(AGO) to produce B20 |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Policy- Energy-Transport and residential |
| Status | Projects at development stage |
| Implementing entity | NNPC |
| Progress indicators | Draft Policy document, Feasibility studies/ESIA for7 Projects, approved national quality Standards for Fuel Ethanol，E10，Biodiesel，B20，MOU with State Governments and prospective Investors |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Stakeholder engagement |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | NA |
| Co benefits | Better air quality，improve health and livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Cmathsf{C2\_{2},C H4\_{2}O}

* * *

Table 3.55 - Energy Efficiency Nationwide

| Name of action |  |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduce GHG emitting inefficient comp |
| Description | Retrofitting |
| Gases | CO2,CH4,N2O |
| Type | Energy-Electric |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | ECN,FMEnv |
| Progress indicators | Number of genes |
| Steps taken/envisaged | NA |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | NA |
| Co benefits | Economic,better |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

| Energy Efficiency Nationwide |
| --- |
| mission through adoption of energy efficiency by replacing components in the electricity generators |
|  |
| unity generation |
|  |
| rators retrofitted |
|  |
| r air quality, energy security |
|  |

C\_\_{2},C H\_{4},N\_{2}O

Table 3.56 - National waste to wealth Program States of Abia, Borno, Cross River, Gombe & Ondo

| Name of action | National waste to wealth Program States of Abia, Borno, Cross River, Gombe & Ondo |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Deploy technology to fast-track box-type digester for treating waste and promote socio-economic development |
| Description | Waste management |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Waste-Solid waste management |
| Status | 2016-2020 |
| Implementing entity | FMST. Council for Entrepreneurs for Africa(COEFA)，Canada |
| Progress indicators | Land acquired |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Public-private partnership |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | Construction of pilot sites |
| Co benefits | Better air quality，improve health |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

Table 3.57 - Solar PV Power Solutions for 12 NNPC Retail Mega Stations

\\mathsf{C O} _{2},\\mathsf{C H}_{4},\\mathsf{N}\_{2}O

| Name of action | Solar PV Power |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Replace fossil fuel |
| Description | Provide renewable diesel generators |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Electricity |
| Status | Planning stage |

| Solutions for 12 NNPC Retail Mega Stations |
| --- |
| electricity generators with renewable sources of energy |
| energy as an alternative to grid supply, reduce use of and operational cost |
|  |
| y generation |
|  |

\\mathsf{C O2},\\mathsf{C H4},\\mathsf{N\_{2}O}

* * *

| Name of action | Solar PV Power |
| --- | --- |
| Implementing entity | NNPC |
| Progress indicators | Evaluative of Test |
| Steps taken/envisaged | EPCIC contracts |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | NA |
| Co benefits | Improve livelihood |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

| Other Solutions for 12 NNPC Retail Mega Stations |
| --- |
|  |
| under completed |
|  |
|  |
| good, better air quality, health, energy security |
|  |

Table 3.58 - Escravos-Lagos Gas Pipeline System II (ELPS II)

| Name of action | Escravos-Lagos Gas Pipeline System II(ELPSII) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduce flaring and provide natural gas for energy generation |
| Description | Expansion of the Escravos-Lagos Gas Pipeline System ELPS to transport additional 1 billion SCF of gas to utilize gas that would otherwise be flared |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Under construction |
| Implementing entity | NNPC |
| Progress indicators | Reduction in amount of gas flared |
| Steps taken/envisaged | EPC |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | NA |
| Co benefits | Improved livelihood,better air quality,health,energy security |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

\\mathrm{C O}\_{2}

Table 3.59 - Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline (TNGP)

| Name of action | Trans Nigeria Gas Pipeline(TNGP) |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Reduce flaring and use natural gas for energy production |
| Description | Capture and utilize about 2.7 billion SCFPD(SCF per day)gas across southern Nigeria up to the Northern parts of the country(Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano(AKK)&Calabar-Ajaokuta Pipelines) |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Planning stage |
| Implementing entity | NNPC |
| Progress indicators | Reduction in amount of gas flared |
| Steps taken/envisaged | NA |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | NA |
| Co benefits | Improve livelihood,better air quality,health,energy security |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

\\mathrm{C0}\_{2}

* * *

Table 3.60 - Commissioning of new electricity generation plants

| Name of action | Commissioning of new electricity generation plants |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Improve access to electricity |
| Description of group of actions | Abuja IPP-1,350MWKaduna Power Plant-1,000MWKano Power Plant-1,000MWNNPC/Mobil JV Qua-Iboe JV IPP-540MWNNPC/Total JV Obite IPP-420MWNNPC/NAOCJV Phase 2 Okpai IPP-450MWOgidigben IPP-450MW |
| Gases | CO2，CH4，N2O |
| Type | Energy-Residential，Institutional，Commercial |
| Status | Planned |
| Implementing entity | NNPC，IPPs |
| Progress indicators | Number of plants commissioned |
| Steps taken/envisaged | Generation capacity per plant worked out |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | Financing mechanism/Implementing entity identified |
| Co benefits | Improve livelihood,economic |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

{mathsf{C O}}{ _{2}},{\\mathsf{C H}}{_{4}},{\\mathsf{N}}{\_{2}}

Table 3.61 - Commission an additional LNG Train

| Name of action | Commission an additional LNG Train |
| --- | --- |
| Main objective | Improve the capacity of supply of LNG |
| Description | Develop an additional LNG train to reduce pressure on the existing 6 trains |
| Gases | CO2 |
| Type | Energy-Reduce flaring |
| Status | Under implementation |
| Implementing entity | Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas |
| Progress indicators | Advancement in project implementation |
| Steps taken/envisaged | FID taken in December 2019 and EPC contract awarded in May 2020 |
| Methodologies/Assumptions | TBD |
| Outcomes achieved | To utilize about 390 billion cubic feet of gas per annum |
| Co benefits | Better air quality, improve livelihood, health benefits |
| GHG reductions(Gg) | TBD |

\\mathrm{C0}\_{2}

* * *

4 Information on domestic Measurement Reporting and Verification
System

4.1 Introduction

The Bali Action Plan, adopted by the COP as Decision 1/CP.13, launched a comprehensive process to

The Bali Action Plan, adopted by the COP as Decision 1/CP.13, launched a comprehensive process to
o
enhance implementation of the Convention to limit the global temperature increase to less than 2 C. It
introduced the principle of Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) for both developed and
developing country Parties towards enhancing action at the international and national levels to mitigate
climate change. Decision 1/CP.13 of the Bali Action Plan states, in its operative paragraph 1(b), that
“enhanced national/international action on mitigation of climate change” would include consideration of,
inter alia for developing country Parties:

2,^{0circ}!{\\tt C}

“Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country Parties in the context of sustainable
development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, in a measurable,
reportable and verifiable manner;”

Paragraphs 61 and 62 of decision 1/CP.16 made it mandatory for non-Annex I Parties to also Measure,
Report and Verify domestically and internationally supported mitigation actions with the latter also
subject to international MRV. MRV promotes transparency and accuracy of mitigation information while
enabling tracking of emissions reduction, and support received and needed for implementing mitigation
actions. Furthermore, Article 13 of the PA established the ETF for all Parties and highlights the importance
of having an operational MRV system in the shortest possible timeframe to enable reporting to the set
standards.

Under the Convention, Parties are encouraged to establish the following general procedures to optimize
limited resources for domestic MRV:

x Designate a single entity responsible for overall coordination of domestic MRV.
x Assign roles and responsibilities for implementation of the domestic MRV system, and to entities

x Assign roles and responsibilities for implementation of the domestic MRV system, and to entities
for collection, management, and submission of quality-controlled source/relevant data.

x Measure emissions/removals and follow progress through well-defined indicators on
implemented NAMAs and other mitigation actions, gauge progress of those actions to guide
development of enhanced mitigation actions along with needs for support, and
x Consider ways and means to develop and implement an appropriate QA/QC plan to guarantee

x Consider ways and means to develop and implement an appropriate QA/QC plan to guarantee
the quality of data and other information collected and feeding these into the MRV system.

* * *

completeness, and accuracy of information (UNFCCC, 2009) are embedded in it. Nigeria also intends to develop its MRV system to suit the ETF of the PA and reporting standards of the BTRs.

# 4.3 Development of the MRV system of Nigeria

MRV demands for the measurement, reporting and verification of countries’ emissions in a sustainable manner to enable reporting every 2 years in BTRs as set out by the COP (Decision 18/CMA.1). Provision of information regularly on its emissions profile enables evaluation of progress on emissions reduction stemming from the implementation of the country’s NDC, allows future emissions reduction to be targeted more effectively and enables the country to meet its obligations on reporting to the COP of the UNFCCC. Additionally, MRV demonstrates to donors and the international community how the LCD policy and programmes are being implemented in a cost-effective manner. This can serve to secure their continued support for enhancing Nigeria’s transition to a low carbon economy.

The development and operationalisation of a domestic MRV system represents a serious challenge to Nigeria as a non-Annex I country as it is new and adds additional responsibilities on the DCC and other collaborating institutions within the framework of preparation of BTRs as from 2024. Nigeria has some initiatives and existing capabilities within its present monitoring and evaluation system that is serving as basis for the development of the domestic MRV system after the necessary improvements and modifications. Institutionalization of the MRV system will enable use of existing resources in lieu of accessing additional ones. Institutionalization will guarantee the contribution of the wide range of stakeholders forming part of the MRV system for their collaboration in a continuous and systematic manner instead of on an ad-hoc basis.

The preliminary analysis, performed in view of the development of the domestic MRV system for tracking emissions, mitigation activities, and support needed and received, uncovered numerous constraints, gaps, and barriers that the country needs to overcome before the full development, establishment and operationalization of the MRV system. Key activities to consider for the development, implementation, and operationalization of the MRV system are:

- An in-depth assessment of the existing institutional arrangements and, monitoring and evaluation system to identify weaknesses that need to be addressed to transform it into the MRV one.
- Identification of stakeholders to form part of the MRV system and assigning them their roles and responsibilities.
- Identification of data and information that need to be collected on a regular basis.
- Setting up of an appropriate data collection network, management of this network, databasing and archiving all data and information collected.
- Develop and adopt the necessary legislations for appropriation of data and information in a sustainable way and overcome confidentiality issues.
- Establishment of a QA/QC system to guarantee the integrity of information and data collected.
- Identify capacity building needs and establish a training programme to develop the required capacity within the scheduled time for the operationalization of the MRV system, and
- Access the necessary resources to complete the above activities by 2024 to allow for reporting in the BTRs as required for the ETF of the PA.

# 4.4 Institutional arrangements for implementing and reporting to the Convention

Nigeria resorted to consultants for the preparation of its First, Second and Third NCs as well as the first BUR. There was no management system to oversee and coordinate the activities for the preparation of the

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria reports for the different thematic areas/chapters of the NCs and BURs, including the compilation of the GHG
which remains the backbone for tracking emissions and mitigation actions. This arrangement worked well
for the ad-hoc preparation of reports in the past but no longer suited the context of enhanced reporting as
per Decisions 1/CP.16, 2/CP.17 and the PA. It was not sustainable. Conscious of the situation, Nigeria
reviewed its approach to reporting. It expanded the institutional arrangements by including more
stakeholders in the process, with special consideration given to women for striking the proper gender
balance and ensuring they play their role in the climate change process. Nigeria also invested in the
consolidation of the DCC within the FME to fill this new requirement of the reporting framework.

The present institutional framework of Nigeria for implementing the Convention is depicted in Figure 4.1.
The inter-ministerial committee provides a common coordination platform to harness the numerous
relevant stakeholders from the different MDAs for collaboration in implementing climate change activities,
tracking progress, and reporting thereon. The committee meets regularly to receive reports from all MDAs.
The role of the Inter-Ministerial Committee is to collect and provide information on implementation of the
mitigation activities to the DCC for inclusion in the UNFCCC reports. DCC can thus integrate the required
stakeholders in the information collection network through working groups and liaise with them for data
and information to track and report on emissions and other outcomes of the activities.

Figure 4.1 - Institutional arrangements of Nigeria for implementing the Convention

The FME spearheads the reporting system and collaborates with the representatives of other Federal
Ministries and State government in the Inter-Ministerial Committee. The Ministry of Women Affairs and
Social Development as a member of the Inter-Ministerial Committee safeguard the interests of women,
indigenous people, and the disadvantaged. The DCC of the FME is the focal entity to coordinate and
supervise all climate change activities through its four technical divisions, themselves overseeing the
development and implementation of the MRV system for the specific thematic area under their control.

* * *

The DCC divisions have created working groups which comprise representatives of the MDAs, state
governments, private sector, research institutions, universities, NGOs, CSOs and CBOs.

The legal framework underpinning Nigeria’s MRV system should consider the following to increase system
efficiency:

x Reduce bureaucratic bottlenecks and enhance close collaboration through regular meetings of
the working groups.

x Establish clear guidelines, deadlines, and QA/QC procedures in the system to ensure credibility
of the reported data and information.

x Companies and industries must be encouraged to provide the data and information needed to
support a national MRV system on a voluntary basis.

x Legislations governing confidentiality of data and their capture must be enacted as necessary.
x Design and operationalize a robust information management system to monitor, manage and

x Design and operationalize a robust information management system to monitor, manage and
archive MRV data and information over time.

The activities of the different elements of the reporting cycle for NCs and BURs that will range from
planning through to submission of reports are depicted in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 - Activity cycle to track mitigation projects

| Activity | Description |
| --- | --- |
| Planning | Identify collaborating institutions, Secure collaboration through appointment of representatives, Assign roles and responsibilities, Establish coordination mechanisms, Agree on the approval process, Plan funding allocation and budget, and Identify and plan capacity building |
| Preparation | Hold inception meeting, Identify and Consult with other stakeholders, Agree on outputs, milestones and timelines, Hold check-in meetings, Collect and Quality Control relevant data |
| Reporting | Process, quality assure, finalize and validate all data and information, Compute emissions, Prepare draft report, Edit and produce final report |
| Documentation and archiving | Establish procedures to ensure regular and systematic documentation and archiving to enhance transparency and ensure sustainability |
| Evaluation | Perform independent QA/QC, Identify lessons learned, strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement, Prepare an improvement plan for implementation during next round of reporting |
| Consultation process | Validate reports through consultation with national stakeholders |
| Approval and submission | Government authority approves and submits report to the COP |

4.5 GHG inventory management system
MRV of emissions seeks to measure, report, and verify quantifiable emissions data at national, regional

MRV of emissions seeks to measure, report, and verify quantifiable emissions data at national, regional
and plant levels for activities falling under the four IPCC sectors. Institutionalization of the MRV system is
deemed essential to improve the flow of information, to monitor emissions for primarily meeting the

Source: Adapted from UNFCCC. Toolkit for Non-Annex I Parties on Establishing and Maintaining Institutional Arrangements for
Preparing National Communications and Biennial Update Reports.

* * *

reporting requirements and to inform and support national planning, implementation and coordination of mitigation activities.

Good quality GHG inventories from signatory Parties are vital to provide the most updated information required to the COP of the UNFCCC for assessing progress towards meeting the ultimate objective of the Convention. As for the NCs and BURs, the GHG inventories submitted as chapters of these reports were below the required standards to meet the IPCC principles for Transparency, Accuracy, Completeness, Consistency and Comparability. Additionally, good quality inventories also serve to support and inform policy decisions with respect to appropriate response measures within the LCD development adopted by Nigeria.

Decision 18/CMA.1 demands for NIRs on a stand-alone basis or as a chapter of the BTR from countries for compliance with the ETF of the PA. Paragraph 18 of the Annex to Decision 18/CMA.1 states “Each Party _should implement and maintain national inventory arrangements, including institutional, legal and procedural_ _arrangements for the continued estimation, compilation and timely reporting of national inventory reports in_ _accordance with these MPGs. National inventory arrangements can vary by Party depending on their national_ _circumstances and preferences and change over time.” In practice, these arrangements form part of a GHGIMS_ and guarantee the sustainable production of GHG inventories through the MRV of emissions system. To enhance implementation of this requirement, the UNFCCC secretariat has been conducting QA assessments of GHG inventories of developing countries on a voluntary basis and Nigeria availed itself of this opportunity in 2018. Among the recommendations made, the top priority was to develop and implement a robust GHGIMS.

Additionally, the secretariat has contracted two international consultants to support the development and implementation of robust GHGIMS to those countries which went through the process. Nigeria is benefiting from this support presently.

Following the decision to shift from outsourcing to inhouse production of national reports to the UNFCCC and this recommendation, Nigeria started the development and implementation of its GHGIMS within the framework of the preparation of the inventory of its BUR2. The GHG inventory division within the DCC of the Federal Ministry of Environment was consolidated and capacity building commenced as the major barrier stood as serious lack of capability. This division has been entrusted with the responsibility for producing good quality GHG inventories that are compliant and of the standard required by IPCC. In this role, the GHG Division is also responsible for implementing the GHGIMS. The components of the GHGIMS are provided below along with the roles and responsibilities of institutions within it.

- Institutional Arrangements FME through DCC manages the institutional arrangements to keep it dynamic and suitable for the sustainable compilation of GHG inventories.
- Method and Data Documentation DCC oversees and collaborates in this process through the four working groups created for the IPCC sectors.
- QA-QC procedures QA/QC are applied at different stages of the inventory cycle in line with IPCC Good Practices. DCC will act as coordinator to ensure the QA/QC process is implemented in line with IPCC Guidelines. Thus, the final QA/QC is performed by independent experts or consultants. The upfront QA/QC for all the steps leading to the NIR is undertaken by the four working groups.
- Archiving
  Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

To ensure a foolproof system without risk of loss of documentation on previous GHG inventories, this responsibility will be shared by DCC and NBS with a third copy stored with central government.

- Key Category Analysis This analysis falls under the responsibility of the working groups for the four sectors and DCC central compiler for the national level.
- National Inventory Improvement Plan DCC to generate the detailed plan from contributions of the working groups and the recommendations of the Technical Team of Experts (TTE) from the ICA process for sharing and implementation by relevant MDAs through the FME and the Inter-Ministerial Committee.
  Nigeria kick-started the in-house production of the GHG inventory of the BUR2 through the GHG inventory division of DCC in collaboration with other institutions concerned with the compilation of the inventory. An international company was contracted to provide support and backup on the development and implementation of the GHGIMS as well as on the compilation process while providing capacity building to staff of the GHG inventory division and other national experts on the technical aspects of the inventory. The transition was not fully successful, but some progress has been recorded in the development and implementation of the GHGIMS. The key achievement is the mapping of institutions to ensure completeness of the inventory. The results led to their integration in the newly created sectoral working groups Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste.

# 4.6 MRV of emissions

FME, as focal point of the UNFCCC, has tasked DCC with collating and integrating information on climate change implementation across all MDAs under the supervision of the Inter-ministerial Committee. Consequently, the GHG Division of the DCC oversees all activities of the system for MRV of emissions. The National Bureau of Statistics supports DCC GHG inventory Division for collecting the bulk of activity data required from public institutions and private sector companies. Most line ministries, including Departments under their purview, State and local governments and the civil society also contributes as suppliers of data as members of the working groups. The sectoral working groups are responsible to compile and generate emissions. Thus, they are responsible for QA/QC of all activity data, entering these in the software including the associated level of uncertainties, analyse emission factors and choose the most appropriate ones along with their uncertainty levels, estimate emissions, perform KCA, Uncertainty Analysis and identify constraints, gaps and needs for inclusion in the NIIP. Sectoral working groups are also responsible for documenting the whole process and reporting for their respective sector. Research organizations and universities support in the assessment of the appropriateness of emission factors and their improvement to better suit national circumstances and for estimation of key categories. DCC takes charge of compilation at the national level and the preparation of the report, its review by stakeholders, approval, and submission to the COP. A description of the arrangements for MRV emissions is depicted in

Figure 4.2

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

**Figure 4.2 - GHGIMS cum MRV emissions**

The development and implementation of the institutional arrangements for the MRV of emissions is still in its infancy. The major challenge for the smooth operationalization of the MRV emissions system is the serious lack of capacity of the members of the four working groups as well as of staff of the GHG inventory Division of DCC. Capacity building started during the framework of the preparation of the BUR2 but there is still a long way to go for it to run smoothly. It is expected that this will be completed after another 3-4 rounds of preparing GHG inventories. Another key shortcoming is the absence of a legal framework to guarantee an annual flow of activity data to render the process sustainable. There will be a continuous assessment and enhancement of these institutional arrangements to ensure methodologies and activity data collection for GHG inventories are applied for making best estimates of emissions and removals, proper documentation to guarantee reports compliant with the ETF of the PA, preparation of a NIIP and archiving to enable follow-up and improvement. The legal framework will be reviewed to address the problem of annual flow of activity data. The MRV of emissions are incorporating best practices from IPCC and UNFCCC.

# 4.7 MRV mitigation including NAMAs

While Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) constitute the central instrument within the UNFCCC framework to support developing countries’ efforts in achieving their GHG emissions reduction targets during the transition to a low carbon economy, other ongoing and new mitigation actions not falling under NAMAs cannot be neglected. MRV of NAMAs and other mitigation actions are essential to track progress and allow for backstopping of mitigation actions. In addition, MRV cycles help to inform, understand, and correct deviations between projected and real performance, therefore triggering the necessary learning process.

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

## Measuring for NAMAs and other mitigation projects should primarily enable the country to compute GHG

emissions reductions and removals depending on their nature. As well, measurements to follow progress, record impacts, ascertain the assumptions adopted in the actions, compare different mitigation actions and pave the way for improvements or raising ambitions are essential. The MRV mitigation component will also track, and record support received and investments made during implementation of the NAMA or other mitigation action. The framework should also conform with good practices and be flexible enough to accommodate adjustments and changes with time to ensure successful implementation of the action.

## Reporting for NAMAs or other mitigation action comprises quantification of the emissions reduction,

updated data on assumptions, baselines and methodologies, and other key performance data and indicators related to implementation as well as resources invested. This component will be reported at different levels depending on the complexity and the means of implementation, objectively on an individual basis for mitigation action and NAMA. Supported NAMAs need detailed reporting, consequently requiring the responsible unit to work closely with the actual implementing entity of the NAMA. Reporting on a NAMA should be at least annually for all institutions involved. This information would then be integrated every 2 years into the BUR or BTR for the UNFCCC.

## Verifying NAMAs serves to build trust and confidence among stakeholders involved. In the case of

supported NAMAs, it will serve as a safety standard for support provided and received. Verification enables opportunities for improvement on measurement and reporting and will be helpful when comparing different NAMAs. This component will focus on the method and assumptions adopted, activity data, emission factors, estimated emissions and other benefits, progress achieved, and financial resources to guarantee the soundness of the reported information. In case of supported and credited NAMAs, verification will be expected to comply with international guidelines and standards whereas for unilateral NAMAs, the host country might assign verification to a national body conversant with verification procedures and standards. As far as possible, the frequency of verification of NAMAs should be aligned with the production of the BUR or BTR but preferably be on an annual basis.

The overall responsibility of the MRV system for mitigation, including NAMAs will rest with the FME through the Mitigation Division of the DCC supported by the GHG Inventory Division. The Mitigation Division will track and follow the different steps of the MRV system depicted in Figure 4.3 while estimation of emissions reductions or removals stemming from the mitigation activity will be computed by the inventory team of the GHG inventory Division. The Measurement component will be under the responsibility of the Executing Entity (EE) which will also prepare regular monitoring reports and submit to the NAMA implementing Entity for follow-up. The latter will then submit to the NAMA Coordinating Agency, namely the Mitigation Division of the DCC for verification and approval for further transmission to the appropriate authority for verification. Once the latter process is satisfactorily completed, the final report will be commissioned and submitted to the NAMA Donor or other collaborating/supporting partner depending on the type of NAMA. Other mitigation activities will follow a similar process. The implementation details, support received, emission estimates and other benefits derived from the activity will then be included in the next BUR or BTR for submission to the UNFCCC.

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

Figure 4.3 - Mitigation (NAMA and other activities) MRV process

Source: UNDP 2015. EE: Executing Entity; NCA: Nama coordinating Agency; NIE: NAMA Implementing Entity

Implementation of the MRV for NAMAs in Nigeria faces numerous constraints, gaps and barriers in
capacities, technical skills and data availability in all sectors. These challenges were addressed within the
framework of the preparation of the BUR2 but progress has been very slow due to the serious lack of
capacities and understanding of the process. Thus, these constraints, gaps and barriers (Table 4.2) must
be taken into consideration when developing and implementing the MRV mitigation system.

Table 4.2 - Identified MRV Gaps in All Sectors (A- Available, PA – Partly Available, NA – Not Available)

| Elements |
| --- |
| Templates for reporting raw data for GHG estimation |
| Templates for reporting GHG emissions |
| Availability of trained staff for activity data collection |
| Training of staff for GHG estimation |
| A system for reporting raw data relevant to GHG estimation |
| A system for reporting GHG emissions |
| Availability of procedures for the regular flow of data |
| Clear roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders |
| QA/QC system for the reports |
| Documentation of data sources, assumptions,and calculation methodologies |

| Sectors |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Energy | IPPU | AFOLU | Waste |
| A | A | A | A |
| A | A | A | A |
| A | PA | PA | PA |
| PA | PA | PA | PA |
| PA | PA | PA | PA |
| A | A | A | A |
| NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PA | PA | PA | PA |
| NA | NA | NA | NA |
| PA | PA | PA | PA |

Others

Given the socially accepted use of traditional sources of
energy consumption, the introduction of new technologies
in energy for instance could be a barrier

* * *

| Elements |
| --- |
| Economic Barrier |
| Technology barrier |

| Sectors |  |  |  |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Energy | IPPU | AFOLU | Waste |
| Any MRV system with a high investment cost and long pay-back period is likely to receive very low buy-in from government and other stakeholders. |  |  |  |
| Very limited technologies exist for setting up innovative MRV system |  |  |  |

Source: Adapted from Mike Bess, Assen Gasharov, 2016: Climate MRV for Africa-Phase 2: Capacity Building Plan for Nigeria.
Presented at Inception workshop at Shehu Musa Yar’adua Centre (25/10/2016)

As for MRV emissions, Nigeria commenced the implementation of the MRV mitigation system within the
context of the preparation of its BUR2. FME through the mitigation division of DCC has developed and
consolidated four sectoral working groups, one each on the Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste sectors.
These working groups comprise staff of the mitigation working group, representatives of the MDAs, the
private sector, NGOs, CBOs and CSOs. The working groups oversee the data collection process mainly for
non-NAMA activities since these are implemented by a wide range of stakeholders. The working groups
are supported by the climate change desk officers of the line Ministries and States. This start-up was quite
laborious due to the serious lack of capacity of the working group members. Capacity building has started
for the working groups and the States Desk officers, but progress has been slow due to insufficient
resources. The programme was further constrained by the COVID-19 pandemic that led to closure of
borders, and cancellation of flights which prevented the international consultant to effectively hold more
training sessions. Virtual sessions were avoided due to unreliable internet connectivity for all potential
participants. Nigeria hopes that the sanitary situation will improve as well as improved availability of
resources if it can access the funds under the CBIT programme for enhancing the capacity building of the
national experts.

4.8 MRV of support
Direct support from bilateral and multi-lateral partners for climate change activities have been of

Direct support from bilateral and multi-lateral partners for climate change activities have been of
financial, technical, and technological nature notwithstanding capacity building of national experts on
various thematic areas since Nigeria ratified the Convention. Climate Change expenditure has hardly been
a dedicated sub-head in the past national budgets, while climate change related activities are generally
embedded into other development projects under several MDAs. However, Nigeria invested indirectly
from its annual budget since it created a dedicated department, the DCC, within the FME. DCC has been
further consolidated with the recruitment of additional staff to enable it deliver on the enhanced
reporting requirements, including the ETF of the PA. Similarly, although the FME is the focal point for
activities falling under the UNFCCC and the international climate regime, nothing precluded other MDAs
from cooperating and receiving support for their mandated activities that are climate related. This creates
a situation of multiple inflows in the forms of grants or other type of support to several MDAs without a
centralized tracking network. Even where there are budgetary allocations for climate related activities,
the legislative oversight for ensuring monitoring and accountability is weak because of the lack of capacity
and absence of a dedicated system for the monitoring and evaluation of climate public expenditure.

* * *

international databases. Nigeria is thus called upon now to develop and implement an appropriate MRV system to track support received. The FME provided for the establishment of a Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR) in its 2017 budget. The purpose of this review was to develop a framework that would identify, report, monitor, evaluate and account for all climate related financial expenditures. If this is successfully undertaken, it would address some of the shortcomings identified and reported in this BUR.

Given the new reporting context of the Convention and the need to track and monitor all support received, Nigeria is conscious that to face this new challenge, it must work on rapidly developing and establishing a sustainable system for MRV of support. Existing institutional arrangements aimed at monitoring climate change activities could be exploited after appropriate changes and improvements to meet the challenges for MRV of support. The personnel involved with CDM and GEF projects could be reorganized into a division within DCC, with tracking of support received and needed for reporting in BTRS as mandate. The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change can act as the platform for collating all information pertaining to support for climate change related activities from all Federal Ministries. The latter can themselves collect the same information from the State Governments and the private sector under their jurisdiction. The information provided as per an agreed template can then be processed, documented, and archived by the DCC of the Federal Ministry of Environment for retrieval when preparing the BTRs.

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

5 Constraints and gaps, and related financial, technical and capacity
needs, including a description of support needed and received

5.1 Introduction
Nigeria is still facing poverty and other crucial development issues, including social unrests, in its

Nigeria is still facing poverty and other crucial development issues, including social unrests, in its
endeavour to improve the welfare of its population. Environmental challenges are numerous, climate
change being the driver in most cases. Lack of resources has been the major factor impeding development
and this has been compounded by the COVID-19 pandemic and its negative impact on the economy since
more than a year now. Nigeria has made its utmost to meet its commitments as a developing country
signatory Party to the UNFCCC. The country is grateful to bilateral and multilateral partners which has so
far supported it to implement the Convention and report thereon. However, it is apparent that the level
of support received to-date has not been enough to enable Nigeria to play a more active role as it would
have wished. The country is highly vulnerable, and its priority has been to invest national resources
available for adaptation rather than for mitigation to guarantee the well-being of the population, namely
the more vulnerable groups such as women, the disabled and indigenous people.

Nigeria is not prepared yet to cope with the challenges of climate change which are constraining the
country’s development. Nevertheless, in its quest to support the international community to tackle global
warming and the resulting climate change, Nigeria has embarked on a low emissions development route.
Reporting requirements are more demanding now and the country is not yet ready to fulfil the ETF of the
PA. Notwithstanding reporting, implementation of measures to mitigate, and adapt to climate change
represents another challenge. There still exists numerous constraints and gaps of financial, technical, and
technological nature that the country needs to urgently address in addition to capacity building to be able
to cope with climate change while contributing to the international agenda. In this regard, Nigeria
seriously hopes that the PA will be implemented within the shortest possible timeframe to enable all
developing countries implement their NDCs and contribute fully to the achievement of the objectives of
the Convention for the benefit of mankind. This chapter provides the best available up to date information
which will be improved in future communications to the secretariat.

5.2.1 GHG inventory
Apprising the COP with the best information on the country’s emissions regularly and sustainably is the
backbone for decision-making on curbing GHG emissions towards stabilizing the GHG level in the
atmosphere to limit global warming and its effects. Thus, all signatory Parties should prepare good quality
GHG inventories reflecting the TACCC principles of IPCC on a sustainable basis. Nigeria has embarked on
inhouse reporting including the preparation of the national GHG inventory within the framework of the
preparation of the BUR2. In line with inhouse compilation of the GHG inventory, the DCC has been
consolidated with the creation of various divisions, one of them being the GHG inventory Division which
was given this task of inventory compilation. Staff of this Division lacked the appropriate capacity to
perform the compilation on their own and training was provided to them on various aspects of the
preparation of the GHG inventory, including on the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and software. The transition
was difficult but considered essential for reporting to the Convention and implementing the NDC to
support the development of the country’s low carbon development strategy. The major constraint faced
in the estimation of GHGs emissions for the four IPCC sectors was the lack of good quality activity data.
Available data are relatively inconsistent for all IPCC sectors. Lack of consistent activity data and process
information resulted in heavy reliance on international data sources and generation of missing activity

5.2 Constraints and gaps data to fill the gaps when estimating GHGs emissions and sinks within the country. This increased the
uncertainty level and prevented the adoption of the more accurate higher tier methods as advocated in
Decision 18/CMA.1 of the COP. National emission factors more appropriate to suit national circumstances
for use with the higher tier methods were not available also. Nigeria also lacks a proper GHG inventory
management system with robust institutional arrangements for sustainable production of inventories.

The situation is exacerbated by the lack of a pool of national experts able to compute GHG inventories at
the facility, sectoral, regional, state, and national level.

data to fill the gaps when estimating GHGs emissions and sinks within the country. This increased the
uncertainty level and prevented the adoption of the more accurate higher tier methods as advocated in
Decision 18/CMA.1 of the COP. National emission factors more appropriate to suit national circumstances
for use with the higher tier methods were not available also. Nigeria also lacks a proper GHG inventory
management system with robust institutional arrangements for sustainable production of inventories.

The situation is exacerbated by the lack of a pool of national experts able to compute GHG inventories at
the facility, sectoral, regional, state, and national level.

To remedy this situation, Nigeria started the development and implementation of a robust GHGIMS with
the support of the secretariat based on the latter recommendations from a QA exercise of the inventory
of the BUR1. More details on the development of the GHGIMS is provided in the MRV chapter under MRV
of emissions. However, there is still a long way to go for Nigeria to have its robust GHGIMS in place and
functioning smoothly.

5.2.2 Mitigation
Nigeria is geared to enhance mitigation of GHG emissions in all areas of development to meet its low

Nigeria is geared to enhance mitigation of GHG emissions in all areas of development to meet its low
carbon development strategy. Already, the country implemented several CDM projects under the Kyoto
Protocol. More recently, the country identified and reported clear mitigation opportunities for the
medium term in its NDC, presently under revision to make it more ambitious. Nigeria is yet to develop its
first NAMA due to lack of capacity, a well-computed inventory at facility level with proper baselines due
to constraints and gaps reported associated with the GHG inventory. Thus, apart from the CDM projects,
mitigation is in its early stages. It is noted that in preparing the section on ‘Mitigation Action and Their
Effects’ for this BUR2, numerous gaps and constrains were identified. Overall, information on mitigation
actions and their effects are scarce and limited. While there is tremendous effort made to mitigate the
effects of climate change, this information is either unavailable or in most cases non-existent, as there is
no centralized system of reporting or data collection on mitigation in the country. Information on climate
change policies and larger national actions are usually available. However, this information only contains
the basic elements like program name, implementation agency, and objective, with little to no
information outlining the effects of the mitigation actions, emissions avoided, and benefits reaped.

Table 5.1 - Availability of information for reporting on mitigation actions as per Decision 2/CP.17

With such an information gap on mitigation actions and their effects, it is challenging to report on key
aspects such as: progress indicator, steps taken or envisaged, progress on implementation, and results
achieved. Table 5.1 provides an overview of the gaps and constraints regarding availability of information
for reporting in the BUR as per the guidelines contained in Decision 2/CP.17, Annex III, Section I V. It should
however be noted that some progress has been recorded moving from the BUR1 to the BUR2 and that
efforts are ongoing to further improve on the existing situation.

| Information | Multi-Sector |
| --- | --- |
| Name and description of the mitigation action, including information on the nature of the action, coverage (i.e., sectors and gases) | A |
| Quantitative goals and progress indicators | NA |
| Methodologies and assumptions | NA |
| Objectives of the action and steps taken or envisaged to achieve that action | A |

| Energy Sector | Forest Sector | Waste Sector | Agriculture Sector | Transport Sector |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| A | A | A | A | A |
| PA | PA | PA | PA | A |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| A | A | A | PA | A |

* * *

## Multi-Energy Forest Waste Agricultur Transport

**Information** **Sector Sector Sector Sector e Sector Sector**

Progress of implementation of the mitigation actions and the underlying steps taken or A PA A PA PA A envisaged

Results achieved, such as estimated outcomes (metrics depending on type of NA PA PA PA PA PA action) and estimated emission reductions, to the extent possible

A: Available, NA: Not Available, PA: Partly Available

# 5.2.3 Measurement, Reporting and Verification

Measure, Report and Verify is a new concept to better track implementation and effects of mitigation actions that Non-Annex I Parties must develop and implement within the framework of BUR reporting. Nigeria, as most of the developing countries, is building on existing systems to meet this requirement. It is proposed to institutionalize the MRV system for good quality reporting in the future. The key limitation of the present monitoring and evaluation system is the absence of systematic collection of data along with proper documentation and archiving. DCC been entrusted with the responsibility to develop and establish the domestic MRV system. The development and implementation of the domestic MRV system will need to integrate various ministries, other government institutions, the private sector, and the civil society. Additionally, there will be the need to develop the appropriate human, technical and technological capabilities to make the process a success. Nigeria on its own may meet difficulties to successfully develop and implement the domestic MRV system and relies on the urgent support of the international community to accomplish this task and make the country ready for the preparation of the BTRs as from 2024 in accordance with Article 13 of the PA. In this regard, it will be important to address existing constraints and gaps and make good for them when developing and implementing the system. Capacity building of sufficient national experts will be first and foremost in the development and implementation of the domestic MRV system. The salient challenges and potential solutions are provided in Table 5.2.

**Table 5.2 - Key gaps and potential solutions**

## Key Gaps Key activities to address the Gaps

- Department of climate change serving as the DNA will enable better institutional coordination among relevant ministries working on mitigation actions and GHG inventories
  MRV activities must be • Allocation of roles and responsibilities of relevant ministries aligned across different levels contributing to the implementation of MRV emissions, mitigation, of government and support received and needed institutions/ministries for • Regular monitoring and evaluation of government’s progress in effective coordination and coordinating climate change activities will enable better MRV consolidation performance and result

- Department of Forestry with its experience in implementing REDD+ MRV activities, could significantly contribute to the development of the future domestic MRV system

- Lessons learned with inhouse reporting to the UNFCCC could serve


## MRV infrastructure must be

as basis for further development and implementation of MRV in developed to enable relevant Nigeria agencies and institutions to

- Establishment of an MRV institution in Nigeria which will be
  pool their resources together responsible for the consolidation of the MRV system. MRV emissions must be • Consolidation of the process for the institutionalization of the GHG established in a robust and inventory preparation sustainable manner

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

| Key Gaps | Key activities to address the Gaps |
| --- | --- |
|  | • Capacity building for government institutions and other relevant stakeholders to prepare GHG inventory as per TACCC principles for meeting the ETF of the PA |
| MRV mitigation must be established in a robust and sustainable manner | • The linkage between MRV of funds and mitigation projects must be further elaborated • Standardized and commonly agreed methodologies and indicators are needed to monitor and report on mitigation actions • Enhancement of institutional capacities in sectoral ministries and states for monitoring mitigation actions under their responsibility |
| Technology transfer few lessons learned are listed below. • • • • • • • in large-scale projects than in smaller ones. Others • • • enhanced transparency in reporting. • within various MDAs. • • • • and adaptation measures. • • • | Successful technology transfer is of utmost importance when tackling climate change issues. Nigeria still lacks an in-depth technology needs assessment and transfer to address climate change problems. Constraints and gaps relating to technology transfer in the context of mitigation and adaptation to climate change exist and will have to be corrected. The main features relating to technology transfer along with a Lack of awareness of the available technologies. Limited human and financial capabilities to adopt new technologies. Poor organizational skills and capacities to coordinate transfer and flow of new technologies. Intellectual property rights often act as obstacles to the transfer of technology. Tariffs and Taxes are often problematic. When import duties on items needed for specific technological development are too high, relevant transfer are inhibited. The success of technology transfer within the framework of CDM projects could serve as a model for the transfer of other technologies; and Studies of CDM projects show that technology transfer is more prevalent in some sectors than in others, depends on the domestic availability of certain technologies, and occurs more frequently GHG estimation should be encouraged on a yearly basis. Need to build technical capacity of staff of relevant MDAs to strengthen inventory processes. Need for the country to move some sectors, especially key categories from Tier 1 to Tier 2 for Need to pursue and consolidate in-house inventory to build capacity of working groups members Need for women to be active players in the oil and gas sector. Need for detailed sectoral gender analysis taking cognizance of region and location specific needs e.g. north-south, and/or rural-urban differences. Community buy-in: Social and cultural norms around appropriate types of work can restrict women’s participation in the digital economy. Existing MRV system should be strengthened to track progress made in implementing mitigation The co-benefits of mitigation actions should be identified and reported. Harmonizing GHG inventory data collection through templates for all government institutions, the private sector and other relevant stakeholders. Need for signed Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) or other legal document between DCC and all data providers for an annual automatic flow of data. |

# 5.2.4

# 5.2.5

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria x An online data collection portal should be set up for national collation of all data for MRV systems.

5.3 Support received and needed
There exists no efficient system for recording support received or needed by the country to implement

There exists no efficient system for recording support received or needed by the country to implement
the Convention presently. As laid out under MRV in this chapter, Nigeria lacks systematic tracking and
documentation in most areas, including support received and needed.

5.3.1 Information on support received
Where such related support has been received by any MDA, the information is hardly available in the

Where such related support has been received by any MDA, the information is hardly available in the
public domain. The difficulty for locating such information is because most of the support is non-monetary
and little weight is attached to it for national accounting purposes, resulting in insufficient motivation to
record, report and account for them. Thus, this chapter contains non-exhaustive information on the
climate change financial flows to Nigeria as from 2015 only. They are categorized according to domestic
and external sources, the former consisting primarily of budgetary allocations by the Nigerian
government, and the latter from external and or international sources from bilateral and multilateral
partners, including the GEF channel. The information is provided by agency for each activity area, including
mitigation, adaptation, the sector and amount of funds as available.

Most of the available information relates to financial inflows going to the Federal Government.
Disbursements to state governments are not fully captured due to paucity of information resulting from
the inexistence of the appropriate system to track climate change activities. Efforts of more progressive
state governments that have committed significant resources to climate related issues are highlighted
when such information is available. The data was collected from information available in the public
domain, including budgets from the website of the Nigerian Budget Office and of international
organizations, and from donors. Some information was also obtained from DCC.

Table 5.3 - Summary of bilateral and multilateral financial flows including GEF

| Source | Description | Sector |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Henrich Boll Stiftung(HBS) | Grant-Capacity Building for energy transition | Energy |

| Objective | Duration | Co-funding | Amount |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mitigation | 2012-2016 | NA | EUR 849,019 |

Nigeria’s commitment to addressing the climate change challenge is demonstrated through the budgetary
allocations made on an annual basis to Federal MDAs and in some cases, as counter-part funding of
bilateral or multilateral financing. This section highlights instances of budgetary allocations directly linked
to environmental protection or providing for climate change in Nigerian budgets, notwithstanding those
elements that are not clearly defined but could have been reprogrammed for climate change including
baseline surveys, data collection and general research. The bulk of allocations during the tracking period
went to adaptation activities including building climate efficient infrastructure. These allocations are
provided in an updated Table 5.3 compared to the one in the BUR1. It has also been amended to retain
only supported projects ongoing or implemented as from the year 2015 to-date.

* * *

| Source | Description | Sector |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Henrich Boll Stiftung(HBS) | Grant-Support for various mitigation projects | Energy Future campaign |
| Henrich Boll Stiftung(HBS) | Grant-Various adaptation projects on climate resilience | Climate change |
| World Bank/GEF/Special Climate Change Fund(NEWMAP) | Loan/grant-Addressing erosion challenges in eight states | Energy/agriculture |
| DFID | Grant | Climate Change |
| German Ministry of Cooperation & Development | Grant-Promoting clean energy investment through Ministry of Power and five states(NESP) | Energy |
| DFID | Grant-Support for private sector solar projects | Energy |
| European Development Fund | Grant-Overarching support for national priorities including Vision 2020 via EU/Nigeria National Indicative Program | Energy,Agriculture and water |
| Solar Nigeria | Technical Assistance | Energy |
| EU | Assistance | Health,Energy,Governance |
| Global Environment Facility(GEF) | Grant-Assessment of organic persistent pollutants | Minamata Convention |
| Global Environmental Facility(GEF) | Technical and financial support-Preparation of First BUR | UNFCCC compliance |
| Global Environmental Facility(GEF) | Technical and financial support-Preparation of second BUR | UNFCCC compliance |
| Global Environmental Facility(GEF) | Grant-Support for various national and regional projects | Energy and agriculture |
| Global Environmental Facility(GEF) | Grant-Support for various national and regional projects | Agriculture |
| Global Environmental Facility(GEF) | Part Co-financing-Various national projects land degradation | Agriculture, climate change |
| Global Environment Facility(GEF) | Grant-Land management | Agriculture |
| NEPAD/German Government | Grant-various national adaptation projects | Agriculture |

| Objective | Duration | Co-funding | Amount |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mitigation | 2012-2016 | NA | EUR 637,662 |
| Adaptation | 2012-2016 | NA | EUR 423,320 |
| Adaptation/Mitigation | 2012-2018 | Each state N500m ($1,515,15) | $509,500,000 |
| Adaptation/Mitigation | 2014-2015 | NA | £17,000 |
| Mitigation | 2013-2018 | NA | $27,000,000 or EUR 24,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2014-2020 | NA | $22,000,000 |
| Mitigation/Adaptation | 2014-2020 | NA | $686,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2014-2020 | NA | £40,734,781 |
| Mitigation | 2014-2020 | NA | £512,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2014 | $182,000 | $1,000,000 |
| Climate change | 2015 | $482,250 | $352,000 |
| Climate change | 2018 | $482,250 | $352,000 |
| Adaptation/mitigation | 2015 | NA | $374,071,385 |
| Adaptation | 2015 | NA | $13,407,408 |
| Adaptation/mitigation | 2015 | NA | $85,815,932 |
| Mitigation/adaptation | 2015 | $57,000,000 | $7,139,450 |
| Adaptation | 2015 | NA | $110,000 and EUR 100,000 |

* * *

| Source | Description | Sector | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| USAID | Investment-Research and Development | Agriculture, Health, Environment&Governance | N |
| IFC/DFID | Grant-Re generation | Energy | N |
| The Green Climate Fund | Investment fund-Universal Green Energy Access Program(UGEAP)-Multiple countries | Energy | N |
| Global Environment Facility(GEF) | Grant | Mining sector | N |
| Global Environment Facility(GEF) | Grant-Environmental Management | Environment | N |
| Global Environment Facility(GEF) | Grant-Sustainable fuelwood management | Energy | N |
|  |  |  |  |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Investment Fund-Acumen Resilient Agricultural Fund-Multiple countries | Agriculture/Finance | A |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Grant&Loan-Programme for IntegratedDevelopment and Adaptation to climate change in the Niger Basin(PIDACC)Multiple countries | Water | Cr |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Grant&Loan-TransformingFinancialSystemsforClimateMultiple countries | Energy/Finance | Cr |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Investment fund-Climate InvestorOneMultiple countries | Energy | N |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Loan-NigeriaSolarIPPSupportProgramme | Energy | N |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Readiness supportGrant-NationalAdaptationPlans | Environment | A |
| Green Climate Fund(GCF) | Readiness supportGrant-CTCN-TechnologyNeedsAssessment | Various sectors | N |

| Objective | Duration | Co-funding | Amount |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Mitigation | 2015 | NA | £425,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2016 | NA | $2,500,000 |
| Mitigation | 2016 | NA | $16,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2016 | $373,000 | $500,000 |
| Mitigation | 2016 | $34,666,612 | $6,930,000 |
| Mitigation | 2016 | $16,400,000 | $4,410,000 |
| Adaptation | 2031 | Co-finance provided | $22,500,000 |
| Loss cutting | 2025 | Co-finance provided | $67,710,000 |
| Loss cutting | 2026 | Co-finance provided | $245,900,000 |
| Mitigation | 2039 | Co-finance provided | $186,000,000 |
| Mitigation | Yet to commence implementation | Co-finance required | $100,000,000 |
| Adaptation | 2022 | N/A | $3,000,000 |
| Mitigation | 2021 | N/A | $397,143 |

Conscious of the importance of all to contribute of the fight against climate change, the Nigerian private
sector also has invested on mitigation. A few of the actions, implemented in 2016, that have been tracked
are given in Table 5.4.

* * *

Table 5.4 - Some examples of private sector funding

| Source | Description |
| --- | --- |
| C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group | Grant to Lagos State- Reduce GHG emission |
| Fidelity Bank | Loan to Delta State- Climate change projects |
| World Bank | Grant to Akwa- Ibom State Climate change projects |

| Sector | Objective | Duration | Amount |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NA | Mitigation | 2016 | $3,000,000 |
| Multiple | Mitigation | 2016 | $1,515,152 |
| Multiple | Mitigation | 2016 | $2,000,000 |

5.3.2 Information on support needed
An in-depth assessment with respect to finance, technical assistance, technology transfer and capacity

An in-depth assessment with respect to finance, technical assistance, technology transfer and capacity
building needs of Nigeria to implement fully all identified mitigation and adaptation actions has not been
made and documented in a central database. The absence of a duly completed needs assessments also
compounds the difficulty in a precise determination and presentation of support needed qualitatively and
quantitatively.

That notwithstanding and not being exhaustive, according to the INDCs3 and a few other sources, the
main intervention areas requiring support are depicted in Table 5.5. The extent of financial assistance
required is not provided and it is planned to start work on this aspect and provide the information as far
as possible in the next BUR.

Table 5.5 - Intervention areas and type of support needed

| Type of support | Purpose | Description of support |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Financial and Capacity Building | Produce quality up to date NCs and BURs | Improve capabilities for reporting to the Convention |
| Financial and Technical Assistance | Reduce deforestation and emissions while increasing sinks | Stop charcoal use |
| Financial, Technical Assistance and Capacity Building | Avoid emissions, sustainable agricultural production and Food Security | Climate smart agriculture |
| Improve quality of GHG inventories and quantify emissions avoided | Develop a sustainable GHG inventory management system |  |
| Produce baselines for developing mitigation actions | Develop emissions database |  |
| Curb deforestation to avoid emissions and increase sink capacity | Review and implement the National Forest Policy |  |
| Improve access to electricity | Multi-cycle power stations and scalable power station 20-50 MW |  |
| Improve access to electricity and reduce emissions | Develop Gas-to-Power Plants at Gas Flare Sites (micro grid) |  |
| Financial, Technical Assistance, Technology Transfer and Capacity Building | Increase accessibility to electricity | Improve electricity grid |
| Increase sink capacity through sequestration of CO2 | Reforestation |  |
| Increase the share of renewable energy, particularly decentralized systems | Development of renewable energy technologies, power projects and management |  |
| Reduce emissions | Blending transportation fossil fuels with biofuels |  |
| Reduce emissions, improve quality of | Promote use of natural gas in lieu of |  |

* * *

| Type of support | Purpose | Description of support |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Technical Assistance | ·Reduce fossil fuel consumption and emissions | ·Develop urban transit systems |
| ·Modal shift from air to high-speed rail |  |  |
| ·Moving freight to rail |  |  |
| ·Upgrade roads |  |  |
| ·Increase use of CNG and LPG for transport |  |  |
| ·Reduce liquid fossil fuel consumption and emissions |  |  |
| ·Empower the population to mitigate and adapt through alleviation of high unemployment rates and economic stability | ·Diversification of the economy |  |
| Technical Assistance and Capacity Building | ·Construct methane capture systems on existing landfills and ensure that new sites will have this facility installed | ·Establish a Landfill gas capture technology for existing and new sites |
| ·Adoption of energy efficiency |  |  |
| ·Reduce consumption of fossil fuels and emissions | ·Adoption of green technology in industry |  |
| ·Benchmark industrial energy usage against international best practices |  |  |
| ·Reduce emissions | ·Improve enforcement of gas flaring restrictions |  |
| ·Reduce fossil fuel consumption and emissions | ·Reform petrol subsidies |  |
| ·Toll roads/road pricing |  |  |
| ·To improve energy efficiency in buildings and reduce use of fossil fuel | ·Develop a guide for net-zero carbon building in Nigeria |  |
| ·To reduce dependence on international generic figures and improve the accuracy of national inventory data | ·Develop National emission factor for various sectors |  |
| ·Emissions reduction | ·Gas flare capture and utilization technologies |  |

* * *

**Information on the level of support received to enable the preparation and submission of biennial update reports**

## 6.1 Financial

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) provided USD 352,000 to support Federal Republic of Nigeria prepare its BUR2 for the fulfilment of its obligations under the UNFCCC, through the UNDP country office which acted as the implementing agency. The government of Nigeria through its FME, DCC contributed USD 50,000 in kind to complement the funding required to complete this BUR2 project.

## 6.2 Capacity building

Capacity building has been a recurrent feature during the preparation of the inventory of the BUR2 project through training meetings and workshops delivered by international consultants. This partially filled up the capacity building needs to produce BURs. Nigeria benefited from support provided by the UNFCCC through an international consultant to improve the existing GHGIMS to render it fully operational and sustainable.

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

# Any other information relevant to the achievement of the objective of

# the Convention and suitable for inclusion in its Biennial Update Report

## 7.1 Introduction

Nigeria has been actively engaged in international climate policy negotiations since it became a Party to the UNFCCC in 1994. Nigeria also adhered to the Kyoto Protocol and ratified the PA, thereby volunteering to fully collaborate with the international community for curbing down GHG emissions in view of limiting global warming and its impacts. Nigeria has submitted three NCs, one BUR and its INDC to meet its requirements following its adherence to the Convention, its protocol and other mechanism. The BUR2 is presently in the completion stage and the INDC is being updated to make it more ambitious. Nigeria is host to several Clean Development Mechanism projects, as well as projects financed by the Adaptation Fund. In September 2012, the Federal Executive Council approved the NCCPRS which paved the way for enhanced action on climate change by the country.

## 7.2 National climate change strategies and plans

The sustainable development of Nigeria is guided by two strategic documents, Vision 2020 adopted in 2010 and the more recent Economic Sustainability Plan approved in 2020.

Vision 2020 seeks to reduce the impact of climate change on development processes and the environment. It aims at (i) strengthening environmental governance; (ii) promoting environmental education; and (iii) optimising economic benefits from sustainable environmental management.

The Economic Sustainability Plan has among several objectives, the prioritisation of solar power. The plan aims at developing a solar power strategy which will create 250,000 jobs while powering 5 million households at an estimated cost of 240 billion Naira by encouraging private sector investment. Incentives will be in the form of low-cost financing through development finance institutions and the central bank of Nigeria.

Within Vision 2020, Nigeria developed, enacted and adopted several legislations and plans to translate it into the wider policies, plans and action. The main one, the NCCPRS, adopted and implemented in 2012, envisions a climate change-resilient Nigeria ready for rapid and sustainable socio-economic development. Its mission is to strengthen national initiatives to adapt to and mitigate climate change, and involve all sectors of society, including the poor and other vulnerable groups (women, youth, disabled, indigenous) within the overall context of advancing sustainable socio-economic development. The principal objectives of the NCCPRS are:

(i) Implement mitigation measures that will promote sustainable and high economic growth within a low carbon development agenda. (ii) Strengthen national capacity to adapt to climate change. (iii) Enhance climate change-related science, technology and R&D to a level that will allow the country to better participate in international scientific and technological co-operation on climate change. (iv) Significantly increase public awareness and involve the private sector in addressing the challenges of climate change.
(v) Strengthen national institutions and mechanisms (policy, legislative and economic) to establish a suitable and functional framework for climate change Governance. Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria the country. The three northern zones showed higher vulnerability than those in the south, the Northeast being the most vulnerable region.

The high vulnerability of the country and the need for adaptation in various sectors of the economy has been highlighted in the NC3. Priority sectors are Agriculture, Livestock, Water Resources, Health, Infrastructure, Forest, Forestry and Desertification, and Tourism. Additionally, certain socio-economic and demographic groups are particularly vulnerable to the brunt of climate change. These include women and female heads of household, children and the elderly, the chronically sick and indigenous people. It is recognized now, based on studies, that women in developing societies are more vulnerable to environmental change because they are very often socially excluded and lack equal access to resources, culture, and mobility. These groups, which form part of the Nigerian social fabric, also typically have a low adaptive capacity through high levels of dependence on others for their living, including their food security, mobility, and access to information. Another critical issue which is very likely to stem from climate change is violence and conflicts in the regions with poor adaptive responses, typically found in the northern regions of the country. Climatic shifts can result in shortages and hence competition for natural resources such as land and water, two primordial needs responsible for sustainable livelihood of the communities of these regions. Shortages are followed by negative secondary impacts, such as more sickness, hunger, and joblessness which are potential causes for fuelling conflicts.

Nigeria attaches significant importance to adaptation to climate change. It developed the National Adaptation Plan Framework in 2020 to facilitate the management of the medium- and long-term adaptation needs of the country in a coherent and coordinated manner. Specifically, the objectives of the NAP Framework are to:

Ø Clarify the country’s approach to its NAP process. This includes articulating the country’s vision of climate change adaptation, its adaptation objectives, the principles that will guide adaptation actions, roles, and responsibilities among relevant stakeholders. It is also a reference point for bringing together various adaptation planning efforts from different sectors and scales of decision-making (i.e., national, states, and local governments).

Ø Align the NAP process with existing policies (e.g., Economic Recovery & Growth Plan \[ERGP\], NASPA-CCN, National Climate Change Policy Response and Strategy \[NCCPRS\]), strategies, and adaptation research.

Ø Focus on specific themes that are particularly relevant and/or unique to Nigeria’s context.

The NAP Framework also provides for the implementation structure. The coordination, under the responsibility of DCC, will involve identification of adaptation priorities for each sector as well as monitoring the implementation of the programmes and projects. The framework also proposes an institutional arrangement that follows the broader climate change governance in the country. Implementation will thus involve multiple sectors and agencies as well as the private sector, working at the national, state, and local government levels. This will require stronger collaboration among MDAs to enable experience sharing, reduce overlap and avoid unnecessary duplications in the programmes and projects. The NAP will facilitate the alignment of the programs and projects with the country’s overall development agenda. The NAP will be gender-responsive and adopt, where appropriate, community- based and ecosystem-based approaches. It will also facilitate multiple co-benefits and manage trade-offs arising from the implementation of programmes and projects.

Key elements of the NAP process include:

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

(i) Building appropriate capacity for adaptation action. (ii) Defining adaptation options at the various levels of governance. (iii) Creating an enabling environment for effective adaptation. (iv) Designing a coherent approach to fund mobilization for effective climate change adaptation.
(v) Developing suitable strategies for engaging the private sector. (vi) Developing effective communication strategies in the various phases of the adaptation process; and (vii) Developing an effective monitoring and evaluation plan to facilitate implementation. Climate change adaptation affects every aspect of Nigeria’s socio-economic development. Numerous adaptation actions are on-going as autonomous development initiatives. However, to meet the objectives of the NAP successfully, adaptation requires much more attention than what is being done presently. The costs are no doubt daunting because of the numerous actions and since most of them are of crucial importance. Inadequate commitment to address the much-needed investment now will transcribe into a dangerous future which will demand for much more resources. Consistent in-depth studies to estimate the costs of the impacts on the economy are yet to be conducted. A study by the Department for International Development (DFID) in 2009 estimated the cost to be between 6% and 30% of Nigeria’s GDP by 2050, amounting to between USD 100 billion and USD 460 billion if appropriate adaptation measures are not implemented now. Nigeria is therefore counting on the support of the international community and intends to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the Adaptation Fund under the UNFCCC for its adaptation programme.
Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

# Bibliography

Abatan, A. A, Abiodun, B. J., Lawal, K. A., and Gutowski Jr. W. J. (2016). Trends in extreme temperature over Nigeria from percentile-based threshold indices. Int. J. Climatology. 36: 2527–2540 Abiodun, B. J., Salami, A. T. and Tadross, M. (2011). Developing Climate Change Scenarios: Biophysical Impacts and Adaptation Strategies in Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST). Afiesimama, E. A., O. F. Ati, J. O. Olokor, M. A. Ijioma, M. A. C. Chendo and A. Ayansina (2011). National Climate Change Scenarios Development. Central Bank of Nigeria annual report CILSS (2016). Landscapes of West Africa – A Window on a Changing World. U.S. Geological Survey EROS, 47914 252nd St, Garretson, SD 57030, UNITED STATES. Department of Climate Change, Federal Government of Nigeria (2017). Department of Climate Change. Retrieved from Department of Climate Change Federal Ministry of Environment: [http://climatechange.gov.ng/about-](http://climatechange.gov.ng/about-) us/department-of-climate-change/ Department of Forestry, Federal Government of Nigeria (2019). UN-REDD Programme. Federal Ministry of Environment, Forestry Department Downie, D. (2017). Growing the Agriculture Sector in Nigeria. CSIS. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic & International Studies. DPR Annual Statistical Bulletin (2013-2015) Eastern Research Group, Inc. (2001). “Open Burning”. Vol III: Chapter, 16. Prepared for Area Sources Committee Emission Inventory Improvement Program ECN. (2012). Brief on Recent IAEA Mission to Nigeria- June 2015. Abuja: Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN). Eggleston S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (2006). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories [http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/](http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/) EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 Energy Commission of Nigeria (2009). Study for the Development of Energy Balance for Nigeria Energy Commission of Nigeria (2012). Renewable Energy Master Plan (REMP) Document Energy Commission of Nigeria (2014). National Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Policy (NREEP). Federal Ministry of Science and Technology Energy Commission of Nigeria (February 2016). National Energy Balance 2012-2013 Energy Information Administration (EIA) (2016). Country Analysis Brief: Nigeria [https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis\_includes/countries\_long/Nigeria/nigeria.pdf](https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Nigeria/nigeria.pdf) FAO (2006). Food and Agricultural organization FAO (2010). Global Forest Resources Assessment (GFRA) 2010, Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), United Nations, Rome. FAO (2017). http.//faostat.fao.org/ (Accessed, February, 2017) FAO Statistics Division (2010). Food Balance Sheets, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy Federal Government of Nigeria (2009). Vision 20.2020 Nigeria Economic Transformation Blueprint. Federal Government of Nigeria Federal Government of Nigeria (2015). Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Federal Government of Nigeria Federal Government of Nigeria (2016). Economic Recovery and Growth Plan – 2017 - 2020. Federal Government of Nigeria Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2017). Request For Data Towards the Preparation of Nigeria’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR) Document to the United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

Federal Ministry of Environment (2017). About Us Department of Climate Change – Ministry of Environment, Abuja. Accessed [http://climatechange.gov.ng/about-us/](http://climatechange.gov.ng/about-us/) Federal Ministry of Environment (2017). Nation Policy on Climate Change-Department of Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Abuja: [http://climatechange.gov.ng/climate-knowledge/official-](http://climatechange.gov.ng/climate-knowledge/official-) publications/policies/national-policy-on-climate-change/ Federal Ministry of Environment (2017). Renewable Energy Programme. [http://renewableenergy.gov.ng/projects/](http://renewableenergy.gov.ng/projects/) Federal Ministry of Environment (2017). RUWES Background-Renewable Energy Programme Office. Department of Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Abuja. http.//renewableenergy.gov.ng/ruwes/ruwes-background/ Federal Ministry of Power (2016). The Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Action Agenda. Adopted by the Inter- Ministerial Committee on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ICREEE); Approved by National Council on Power (NACOP) Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2016). Economy. Retrieved July 18, 2017, from Federal Republic of Nigeria. http.// [www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30/economy](http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/index.php/2016-04-06-08-38-30/economy) Federal Republic of Nigeria. (2017). Retrieved June 15, 2017, from Federal Republic of Nigeria. http.// [www.nigeria.gov.ng/](http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/) FMARD (2016). Agriculture Promotion Policy. Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development GIZ PAKLIM (2011). Development of the Indonesian NAMA framework – background study, available at. http.// [www.paklim.org/library/publications/?did=28](http://www.paklim.org/library/publications/?did=28) GIZ PAKLIM 2011. Development of the Indonesian NAMA framework – background study, available at. http.// [www.paklim.org/library/publications/?did=28](http://www.paklim.org/library/publications/?did=28) IEA. Energy Statistics and Balances for Non-OECD Countries 2000-2014, retrieved from [http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=NIGERIA&product=Oil&year](http://www.iea.org/statistics/statisticssearch/report/?country=NIGERIA&product=Oil&year) IPCC (2007). 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Green House Gas Inventories IPCC good practice guidance (GPG) [http://ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/English/index.html](http://ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/English/index.html) (Accessed March,

2017. IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden & C.E. Hanson eds. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority (LAMATA) (2017). Bus Rapid Transit. [http://www.lamata-](http://www.lamata-/) ng.com/brt.php LAWMA Website: [http://www.lawma.gov.ng/inside-lawma/units/projects/](http://www.lawma.gov.ng/inside-lawma/units/projects/) Merem, E. C., Wesley, J., Twumasi, Y. A., Richardson, C., and Romorno, C. (2012). Tropical forest landscape change and the role of agroforestry systems in southern Nigeria. British Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 2(3), 288-317. National Bureau of Statistics (year???), Annual Statistical Bulletin 2010-2012 National Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Nigerian Gross Domestic Product Report Q4 2016. National Bureau of Statistics. Nigeria, F. G. (2017). Federal Republic of Nigeria. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from [http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/](http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/) Nigeria, F. M. (2014). Nigeria's second National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Abuja: Federal Ministry of Environment. Nigeria-FMOH. (2010). National Strategic Health Development Plan (NSHDP) 2010 - 2015. Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (2015). Regulations on Feed-in Tariff for Renewable Energy Sourced Electricity in Nigeria NNPC Annual Statistical Bulletin (2000-2015) NRGI (2016). Country Strategy Note Nigeria. Retrieved from Learn more at [www.resourcegovernance.org](http://www.resourcegovernance.org/) Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

* * *

Obioha, E. (2009). Climate Variability, Environment Change and Food Security Nexus in Nigeria. J Hum Ecol, 26(2), 107-121.

Olakunle, O.F., Omotayo, A. and Odewumi, S.G. (2011). Pattern and Problems of Deforestation in Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research, May 2011 3(3) p641-654

Oriola, E.O. (2009). “Forestry for sustainable development in Nigeria” International Journal of African Studies 1: 11-16.

PDNA (2013). NIGERIA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2012 Floods

R. Cervigni, J. A Rogers, & I. Dvorak, (Editors) (August 2013). A WORLD BANK STUDY: Assessing Low-Carbon Development in Nigeria, pp 352-355. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9973-6](http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9973-6), Retrieved February 10th, 2017 REN21. (2014). ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. Status Report. Paris: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Submission by the Solid Waste Management Division, Pollution Control & Environmental Health Department; Federal Ministry of Environment The Energy Commission of Nigeria (2013). National Energy Policy-Draft Revised Edition The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2003). Nigeria’s \[First/Initial\] National Communication Under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2014). Nigeria’s Second National Communication Under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2014). Nigeria’s Second National Communication Under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change The Federal Republic of Nigeria (2015). Nigeria’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Under the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (2007). Official Gazette of the Nigerian Bio-fuel Policy and Incentives. Federal Republic of Nigeria: [https://community.irena.org/rbsvc25562/attachments/rbsvc25562/News/97/2/National](https://community.irena.org/rbsvc25562/attachments/rbsvc25562/News/97/2/National) Biofuels Policy.pdf UNdata: Nigeria datamart (EDATA) (2000-2014). retrieved from [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aFW%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aFW%3bcrID%3a566) [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aCH%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aCH%3bcrID%3a566) [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aVW%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aVW%3bcrID%3a566) [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aBS%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aBS%3bcrID%3a566) [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aRF%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aRF%3bcrID%3a566) [http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aDL%3bcrID%3a566](http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=Nigeria+datamart%5bEDATA%5d&d=EDATA&f=cmID%3aDL%3bcrID%3a566) UNEP (2017). Atlas of Africa Energy Resources. UN-REDD Programme (2009). Measurement, Assessment, Reporting and Verification (MARV): Issues and options for REDD (draft discussion paper). Retrieved from [http://www.un-](http://www.un-/) redd.org/Portals/15/documents/events/20090309Panama/Documents/UN-REDD-MARV-Issues-and-Options- 02Mar09.pdf UN-REDD Programme (2009). Measurement, Assessment, Reporting and Verification (MARV): Issues and options for REDD (draft discussion paper). Retrieved from [http://www.un-](http://www.un-/) redd.org/Portals/15/documents/events/20090309Panama/Documents/UN- REDD%20MARV%20Issues%20and%20Options%2002Mar09.pdf. WHO (2015). World Health Statistics 2015. Luxembourg. Zira, A. M. (2013). Challenges and Prospects of Geophysical Exploration of Geothermal System for National Development. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(12), 137.
Second Biennial Update Report (BUR2) of the Federal Republic of Nigeria