# Kano MSW Composition — Afuno & Rabiu (2017)

**Citation:** Afuno, S.A. & Rabiu, S. (2017). Characterization and composition analysis of municipal solid waste in Kano, Nigeria. *Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences*, 10(1), 493–497. ISSN 2006–6996.

**Link:** https://www.ajol.info/index.php/bajopas/article/viewFile/165667/155122

**Relevant quotes / tables:**

> "The results showed that light plastic had the highest mean values of 8.63 kg/50 kg sample, Organics 7.22 kg/50 kg, Heavy plastic 4.15 kg/50 kg, Fabric 3.91 kg/50 kg, paper 2.70 kg/50 kg, metal 2.05 kg/50 kg, glass 1.89 kg/50 kg, Bone 1.47 kg/50 kg, styrofoam 0.19 kg/50 kg, others 1.06 kg/50 kg and wood -0.25 kg/50 kg."

> "Solid waste generation rate is about 0.56 kg/capita/day (Ogwueleka, 2009)."

Converted composition (% of 50 kg sample):

| Fraction | kg/50 kg | % |
|----------|----------|---|
| Light plastic | 8.63 | 17.3 |
| Organics | 7.22 | 14.4 |
| Heavy plastic | 4.15 | 8.3 |
| Fabric | 3.91 | 7.8 |
| Paper | 2.70 | 5.4 |
| Metal | 2.05 | 4.1 |
| Glass | 1.89 | 3.8 |
| Bone | 1.47 | 2.9 |
| Styrofoam | 0.19 | 0.4 |
| Others | 1.06 | 2.1 |
| Wood | -0.25 | -0.5 |

**What it feeds:**
- `ng.waste.msw.landfill.managed` / `ng.waste.msw.open_dump` / `ng.waste.msw.open_burning` MSW composition for Kano.

**Confidence:** Medium — field sampling at four dumpsites over five months, dry-mass basis, but percentages do not sum to 100 % (likely moisture/unclassified residual).

**Limitations:** Values reported as dry mass per 50 kg sample; wet-weight composition requires moisture correction. Wood value is negative (measurement/rounding artefact).